A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

Thermal risk in batch reactors: Theoretical framework for runaway and accident

Thermal safety and risk of accidents are still challenging topics in the case of batch reactors carrying exothermic reactions. In the present paper, the authors develop an integrated framework focusing on defining the governing parameters for the thermal runaway and evaluating the subsequent risk of accident. A relevant set of criteria are identified in order to find the prior conditions for a thermal runaway: failure of the cooling system, critical temperature threshold, successive derivatives of the temperature (first and second namely) vs. time and no detection in due time (reaction time) of the runaway initiation. For illustrative purposes, the synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and acetic acid (AA) is considered as case study. The critical and threshold values for the runaway accident are identified for selected sets of input data. Under the conditional probability of prior cooling system failure, Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to estimate the risk of thermal runaway accident in batch reactors. It becomes then possible to predict the ratio of reactors, within an industrial plant, potentially subject to thermal runaway accident.     

有关如何保障中国“限塑令”政策顺利实施的研究

国务院最近出台的“限塑令”一度引起社会各界的广泛关注,对于这一政策,公众各持观点,对此褒贬不一。通过在徐州地区的调查,并对调查的结果进行分析,提出了有可能影响“限塑令”顺利实施的四对主要矛盾。通过对这四对矛盾进行深入分析,得出了相关结论,并提出了五个有助于中国“限塑令”顺利实施的建议。     

基于覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区影响宽度研究*

为确定超前自卸压区的宽度,将其更好地应用于边采边抽钻孔布置中,探讨影响超前自卸压范围的主要因素,揭示卸压区宽度与工作面超前支承压力的内在联系,根据压力拱曲线平移特性,提出在覆岩破坏传递过程中,冒落带随回采周期性垮落,造成超前支承压力重分布,简化工作面开采模型,推导计算卸压区宽度的理论新方法并进行现场试验验证。结果表明:通过实测采面前方顺层钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量,确定超前自卸压区宽度为28~30 m;距工作面＞20~40 m范围为卸压瓦斯高效抽采区,平均瓦斯抽采纯量0.074 m³/min,为卸压前的3.89倍;考虑覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区宽度计算值为29.97 m。计算值与实测结果较吻合,验证该方法的可行性,为井下卸压区高效抽采提供借鉴。     

甘肃省农业土壤邻苯二甲酸酯累积特征及来源分析

为了解甘肃省农业土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的组成及累积特征,采集了甘肃省4种农业土壤共41个土壤样品,利用气相色谱单四级杆质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了6种PAEs化合物含量.结果表明,甘肃省农业土壤中6种PAEs化合物,平均值为432.4 μg ·kg^-1,土壤中DMP、DEP、DnBP、DEHP和DNOP检出率为100%,BBP均未检出.甘肃省4种农业土壤PAEs平均值大小顺序依次为：温室>农田（露地）>森林>草原,参照美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）超标率分别为94%、28%和27%,其余3种均未超标.不同农业土壤中的PAEs组成由于其来源不同而具有差异性,6种不同PAEs单体中DEHP和DnBP组分占比较高,是甘肃省农业土壤中PAEs的主要污染物.本研究中土壤PAEs、DEHP含量分别与农田地膜残留量呈显著的正相关关系（P <0.05）.总体上,甘肃省河西地区土壤PAEs含量明显高于陇东地区.     

环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层在中性盐雾和高低温循环浸泡中的失效研究

目的 研究20#钢表面环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层在中性盐雾和高低温循环浸泡(3.5％NaCl溶液,45℃12 h+RT 12 h)试验中的失效过程与行为.方法 采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试、开路电位(OCP)监测、扫描电镜观察与分析(SEM/EDS)以及红外光谱(FTIR)等方法研究涂层在两种试验环境中的失效特征和对20#钢的保护作用,并探讨涂层失效的低频阻抗评价标准.结果 涂层试样分别在中性盐雾79 d和高低温循环浸泡160 d后,表面开始出现锈点,失去对基体的保护作用,此时低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)值降至7×104?·cm2左右.除了屏蔽作用以外,环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层还可为钢基体提供一定的阴极保护作用,其中高低温浸泡环境中的阴极保护作用时间略长.在两种加速试验环境中,涂层后期的失光率均处于"明显失光",色差值达到或接近"较大变色".红外光谱显示,涂层中的特征官能团未发生明显的变化.结论 通常利用低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)低于1×106?·cm2来衡量有机涂层(不含导电颗粒)失效的判据,不适用于评价碳钢表面的环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层体系,对于该体系的失效评价可能需要再降低近2个数量级,约为7×104?·cm2左右.     

基于模糊集理论和专家知识的互因失效分析

针对传统方法对系统内部各部件互相影响研究较少的现状,提出了互因失效数学模型。以陀螺仪信号处理模块为对象,用互因失效模型进行分析,利用模糊集理论和专家知识确定互因相关系数,计算了各部件的互因失效率并进行排序,找出了系统薄弱环节。     

汗液作用下铝合金眼镜架腐蚀失效分析

通过金相分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和能谱分析等检测方法,对某铝合金/硫酸阳极氧化膜眼镜架在汗液环境中的腐蚀失效行为进行了失效分析,结果表明:铝合金/酸阳极氧化膜在汗液环境中发生了严重的腐蚀,腐蚀形式以点蚀为主,局部出现裂纹,腐蚀均发生在阳极氧化膜完整性发生缺陷的部位,铝合金基体在晶界上优先发生腐蚀,点蚀坑生长和裂纹扩展均沿晶界进行;阳极氧化膜完整的区域,阳极氧化膜腐蚀不明显.     

基于.NET的产品故障管理信息系统设计与建模

首先介绍了基于.NET平台的Pet Shop体系架构,然后分析了产品的故障信息,并说明了故障案例数据库的设计思路,最后介绍了产品故障管理信息系统的功能设计、结构设计,并详细描述了系统的UML建模过程,给出了系统的用例图、活动图、时序图.