Cu( Ⅱ )印迹壳聚糖交联膜的表征及其吸附热力学特性

为处理低浓度重金属废水,采用分子印迹、化学预交联及交联方法,制备了一种新型的Cu(Ⅱ)印迹壳聚糖交联膜(IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS),对该膜的孔隙率、溶胀率、氨基含量、表面形态、官能团以及结晶性等性能进行了表征.考察了该膜对低浓度(20～70 mg.L-1)Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附热力学特性.结果表明,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS孔隙率、溶胀率和氨基含量分别为76.9%、109%、4.26 mmol.g-1;与壳聚糖膜(CTS)相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS溶胀率降低了44.0%、孔隙率升高了528%、氨基含量降低了16.5%;与壳聚糖交联膜(E-CTS)相比,其氨基含量升高了24.6%;与CTS和E-CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS的表面形态发生了显著的变化,内部结构变得疏松;与CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS分子链具有不规整性,结晶能力降低.在含等浓度Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)混合溶液中,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)表现出具有良好的选择性.IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为20～70 mg.L-1的吸附符合Freundlich等温曲线(R2>0.99),该吸附是自发、放热、熵减小的过程.     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

Inhibition effects of perfluoroalkyl acids on progesterone production in mLTC-1

Perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) are a class of fluorine substituted carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid and alcohol, structurally similar to their corresponding parent compounds. Previous study demonstrated the potential endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, two dominant PFASs in animals and humans. We explored the relationship between eleven perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAAs)with different carbon chain length and their ability to inhibit progesterone production in mouse Leydig tumor cells(m LTC-1). We found an obvious dose–response relationship between progesterone inhibition rate and PFAA exposure concentration in m LTC-1. The relative inhibition rate of progesterone by PFAAs was linearly related to the carbon chain length and molar refractivity of PFAAs. Mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP) decreased after PFAA exposure at the half-maximal inhibitory effect concentration(IC_(50)) of progesterone production in m LTC-1, while the reactive oxygen species(ROS) content increased significantly. These results imply that the inhibition effect of PFAAs on progesterone production might be due, in part, to ROS damage and the decrease in MMP in m LTC-1.     

添加剂F127对CPVC超滤膜性能的影响研究

文章探讨了添加剂F127的质量百分含量(5%、7%、10%和13%)对CPVC超滤膜微观结构及其性能(包括水通量、截留率、机械性能、亲水性和耐污染性能)的影响.结果表明:随着F127含量的增加,铸膜液剪切粘度增加,截留率上升,亲水性和耐污染性能大幅度提高,纯水通量和机械性能有所下降.综合比较添加剂F127含量为10%时,CPVC超滤膜性能较好.     

某型飞机机翼下壁板整体油箱端5肋结构选型疲劳寿命研究

目的研究某型飞机机翼下壁板整体油箱端5肋结构的选型疲劳寿命。方法在结构选型设计时初步确定长桁连续和长桁断开两种结构形式的基础上,采用静力试验与疲劳试验方法对这两种结构模拟件进行对比试验验证。结果两种结构模拟件的静破坏载荷分别为588.20 k N和587.97 k N,与设计预计破坏载荷(590k N)高度一致。在相同的等幅载荷谱下,长桁连续结构的中值疲劳寿命和95%置信度与95%可靠度下的疲劳寿命分别约为长桁断开结构的1.7倍和4倍。长桁连续结构的疲劳分散性明显小于长桁断开结构。长桁连续结构的疲劳断口主要呈现脆性穿晶疲劳断裂特征;而长桁断开疲劳断口则呈现出韧窝型断裂和解理断裂的混合型穿晶疲劳断裂特征。疲劳断口微观形貌表明,长桁断开结构在疲劳过程中产生了塑性变形,这就从微观机理上解释了长桁连续结构的疲劳性能优于长桁断开结构的原因。结论在结构质量相近的情况下,长桁连续结构明显优于长桁断开结构。     

调控絮体形态强化电絮凝减缓膜污染

本研究通过调节电絮凝工艺参数来实现对絮体形态的调控,进而达到减缓膜污染的目的.主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始电导率对絮体性质以及膜通量的影响,并解析了超滤膜对不同形貌结构絮体的膜污染响应机制.结果表明,电絮凝减缓膜污染的关键是在膜表面形成疏松多孔的滤饼层,电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)工艺不但能够有效地减缓膜污染,而且还极大提升了出水水质.增加电流密度,以及在pH中性水质条件下,EC-UF工艺中膜通量保持更高.j=20 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率=1 000μS·cm~(-1),EC-UF工艺对水中的腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)去除率为97%,平衡阶段归一化通量J/J0达到81%.     

超滤的预处理工艺对比研究:化学混凝与电絮凝

对比研究了化学混凝(chemical coagulation,CC)与电絮凝(electrocoagulation,EC)作为超滤膜分离的预处理工艺,在死端过滤条件下与超滤膜的作用机制以及对膜污染的减缓效果.主要研究了Al3+投加量对膜通量、絮体性质(粒径、强度系数、恢复系数、分形维数)、以及滤饼层性质的影响.结果表明,EC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度大且结构紧实,在膜表面堆积形成的滤饼层具有疏松多孔、亲水性强的性质;而CC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度低且比较松散,在膜过滤过程中容易被压力压碎压实,导致滤饼层比较密实、亲水性低.因此,EC作为预处理工艺对膜污染的减缓效果好,在运行过程中可以保持较高的膜通量,膜通量较CC高约5.57%.     

碳纳米管改性PVDF中空纤维超滤膜处理二级出水抗污染性能研究

采用碳纳米管改性PVDF中空纤维超滤膜以缓解膜污染.考察了CNTs的乙醇分散液浓度、CNTs尺寸和负载量对改性中空纤维膜的抗污染性能和改性膜内表面CNTs层稳定性的影响,分析了该改性膜对二级出水DOC、UV254的去除效果,并对改性膜出水的荧光特性进行了表征.结果表明,选用体积分数为50%的乙醇分散液、外径为30~50 nm碳纳米管、负载量为3 g·m-2时,制备的改性中空纤维膜CNTs层稳定,抗污染能力显著提高.与未改性膜相比,改性膜对二级出水DOC和UV254的去除率分别提高了37%和56%;且对二级出水中的腐殖类和蛋白质类物质去除能力明显增强.     

臭氧-活性炭投加对MBR混合液特性及膜污染的影响研究

通过对比实验考察了O_3和PAC投加对MBR工艺中陶瓷膜污染及污泥混合液特性的影响,并探讨了O_3/PAC投加抑制陶瓷膜污染的机理。结果表明:单独O_3、单独PAC及O_3/PAC的联合投加将MBR系统的单周期运行时间分别延长了30%、22%、43%,有效降低了MBR系统跨膜压差的增长速率;O_3和PAC的单独作用及协同作用均有效控制了MBR混合液中EPS、SMP的累积,降低了混合液黏度,在一定程度上减缓了陶瓷膜污染;此外,O_3/PAC的投加改变了膜表面上由EPS和SMP形成的凝胶层特性,从而有效地抑制了MBR系统陶瓷膜污染。