基于适应性管理的水污染控制体系构建——以太湖流域为例

从规划内容与目标、规划方法及方案实施和评估3方面对太湖近20年水污染物控制历程进行综合分析,认为太湖水污染物控制正处面源污染、生活污染及新型污染问题凸显且更难处理,更为广泛的利益相关者和科研队伍积极参与的转型期.这种变化将导致污染治理面临更难应付的动态性和复杂性,使得当前以环境容量为总量为指导通过自上而下分配排污量和削减量的控制方案面临极大挑战.结合太湖水污染现状,通过与现行治理方法在管理假设、适合对象、协调管理手段、管理目标、规划方法、公众参与程度以及规划的优劣势等方面的比较发现,适应性管理可以积极有效应对由于环境趋势和管理协调对象变化所带来的系统不确定性和复杂性,将是一个积极有效的补充方法.同时,本文基于适应性管理提出了太湖水环境污染物排放控制体系的构建框架,突出适应性管理平台、科学研究及公众与基层单位参与在污染物控制中的重要作用.     

Dynamics, deterministic nature and correlations of outdoor (222)Rn and (220)Rn progeny concentrations measured at Bacău, Romania

The long-term variation, nature and correlations of outdoor ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn progeny concentrations measured during the period 1994-2009 were investigated. The time series of data were obtained within the framework of the monitoring program performed by the Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Station (ERMS) Bac?u, a component part of the National Environmental Radioactivity Survey Network (NERSN), coordinated by National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). The measuring method is based on the total beta measurements of atmospheric aerosol filters, using a low background total beta counter and (⁹⁰Sr/Y) reference standard. Analysis of the time series of progeny concentrations in the low atmosphere makes evident different patterns of variation of these concentrations: diurnal, seasonal and annual. A possible relationship of progeny concentration increase with global warming is emphasized. In order to find the dominant frequency of the physical processes determining progeny concentration variability the power spectrum has been used. The deterministic nature of the time series of concentrations has been studied making use of the autocorrelation function and stationarity of the original data and of their phase randomized time series. Also, the correlations with meteorological parameters have been investigated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient with corresponding level of significance.     

基于博弈论的非点源污染控制模型探讨

随着对工业和城市生活污水等点源污染治理能力的不断增强,农业非点源污染对水质环境的影响日益凸现.相对于点源污染,非点源污染发生的不确定时间、不确定途径、不确定量等特点给治理政策的制定带来很大难度.本文从著名的公地悲剧现象出发,着力从市场博弈及政府监督博弈两个模型分析非点源污染制造者之间的博弈格局,并提出以“集体表现”的形式对非点源污染进行管理和控制.市场博弈模型中以一定的排污削减目标为前提,确定以成本最优的原则进行点源-非点源排污权交易是可行且有效率的;而政府监督博弈模型的结果显示:合理的环境补贴和惩罚机制、政府对自身声誉及公众形象的重视及维护对非点源污染治理起正向促进作用.     

三峡库区汛期极端降水非均匀性特征

利用极端降水量集中度和集中期讨论三峡库区汛期极端降水量的非均匀性分布特征。结果表明: 三峡库区极端降水量空间分布表现为西南部和东北部地区相对较少,中部、东南部相对较多。库区汛期极端降水集中度和集中期的空间差异不大,集中程度总体较差,东北部和西部地区极端降水相对集中,中部相对分散。库区极端降水主要集中在6月底和7月上中旬,东北部和西部偏西地区集中期相对较晚,中部地区集中期相对较早。库区汛期极端降水量的分配状况与同期极端降水量存在较好的关系,即极端降水量越少,则极端降水量越集中、集中期越早;反之极端降水量越多,则极端降水量越分散、集中期越晚,尤其是在库区东北部地区最为显著。三峡库区蓄水后极端降水集中程度在空间上一致性较好,表现为蓄水后更为分散;极端降水量和集中期则在空间上差异显著,大致表现为蓄水后东北部极端降水增加并延迟;西南部极端降水减少并提前     

煤气生产车间CO气体浓度监控技术的研究

根据某化工厂煤气生产工艺流程,研究预防CO气体泄漏引起的火灾、爆炸和中毒事故的监控系统,分析监控系统的工作原理及电路图,对CO监控技术的研究和气体传感器的研制有重要的参考价值.     

Impacts of Upstream Building Width and Upwind Building Arrangements on Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion in a Street Canyon

A two-dimensional numerical model for evaluating the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within a street canyon was first developed using the FLUENT code, which was then validated against a wind tunnel experiment. Then, the effects of the upstream building width and upwind building arrangement on the airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an isolated street canyon were investigated numerically. The numerical results revealed that: (1) the in-canyon vortex center shifts downwards as the upstream building width increases; (2) the recirculation zone covers the entire upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 (W is the upstream building width and H is the building height), whereas the flow reattaches the upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 2.5 and 3.0; (3) when the upstream building width is shorter than the critical width W_C (= 2H), an increase in the upstream building width leads to an increase in the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon and a decrease in the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building; (4) when the upstream building width is longer than the critical width, the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building are negligibly small and the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon is almost unaffected by a further increase in the upstream building width; (5) when the buildings are placed upwind of the canyon, the flow attaches the upstream building roof and, therefore, almost none of the pollutants are distributed on the upstream building roof; and (6) the pollution levels inside the canyon and on the downstream building roof increase significantly with the number of upwind buildings.     

超临界水氧化法处理有机污染物

介绍了超临界水氧化法处理有机污染物的基本原理，工艺流程和应用实例及使用范围，对比分析了超临界水氧化法与焚烧法处理有机污染物的技术特点，经济实用性，指明了超临界水氧化法作为一种有效的有机污染物处理方法，在化工环保等领域将具有广阔的应用前景。     

烟气扩散的CFD数值模拟

运用商业CFD软件Fluent模拟计算小尺寸下的简单烟气扩散规律.将结果用正态分布假设下的高斯烟羽模型验证.证明该软件模拟烟气扩散问题的可行性.     

城市污水厂污泥浓缩新技术的应用

分析了新型污泥浓缩设备的技术经济优点,现行污泥浓缩池的缺点、城市污水处理新工艺对浓缩的要求,介绍了2类污泥浓缩机在城市污水厂的选用和运行实例.     

石油化工建设项目环境保护管理的新形势和新要求

解读《建设项目环境保护管理条例》修订的要点,剖析当前石油化工建设项目环境保护管理体系的核心由“环评制度”逐步向“排污许可证制度”转变的现实情况,及与此相应的环保行政主管部门对建设单位和设计咨询单位的环保工作提出的新要求。从实际工作出发,总结了中国石化系统和民营企业石油化工建设项目在新形势下环保管理工作的特点、遇到的问题及解决方案。