Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation to Drought in the Senegal River Basin

The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification.     

柴油机排出颗粒物致突变性研究

采用Ａｍｅｓ试验，检测６种国产和进口牌号柴油机排出颗粒物的诱变性，研究发现，６种柴油机排出颗粒物均呈阳性，其颗粒提取物和诱变性之间，存在剂量一反应关系。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果，主要引起ＴＡ９８－Ｓ９的回变菌落落数加，显示受试物中含有移码型直接致突物，试验还发现，国产和进口柴油机排出颗粒物的致突突变性，在怠速和加速工况下，其诱变活性有一定差异。     

污灌区地下水中有机污染物的分离鉴定与致突变活性研究

应用XAD系列大孔网状树脂萃取富集法,结合GC、GC/MS/DS1的分离鉴定技术,研究了北京东郊污灌区深层(90m)和浅层(18m)地下水中的有机污染物。采用LSC-GC/MS/DS装置测定了地下水中的挥发性有机物,并对水样进行了Ames试验以检验水样的致突变活性。结果从深井水样中检出32种非挥发性有机物,未检出挥发性有机物,致突变试验阴性。浅井水样中同时检出非挥发性和挥发性有机物。两种菌株在所有试验条件下均呈现阳性致突变反应。     

用杀藻剂抑制湖泊蓝藻水华的尝试

近 年来，各 种污染 导 致滇 池 水 体的 水 质呈 现 严 重的 富 营养 化 状 态， 蓝藻 泛 滥， 水 面 藻如 浮油。在一般 区 域 内， 藻 量 ５ ０００ ～７ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ、叶 绿 素 － ａ ４００ ｍ ｇ／ ｍ ３ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ１８ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５１６ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、透明 度３２ｃ ｍ 。在藻类 滋生的严 重的水域 ，藻量高 达１２ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ， 水体 透明 度为 零。１９９８年５ 月至 ６ 月在云 南省昆明 市 滇池 外 海及 草海 ，采 用 Ｂ Ｃ ６５５ 杀藻 剂 进行 了现 场 杀藻 试 验。 试验结果表 明，在藻 类繁殖最 严重的区 域投加 杀藻 剂６ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀 藻率 达７８ ％ 以 上； 投加 量 １５ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀藻率 达９０ ％ 以上 ；用絮凝剂 除去部 分蓝藻后 ，只需投 加３ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ，杀藻率即 可达到 ９９ ％ 以上     

高压脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解废水中苯酚

考察了多种因素对高压脉冲电晕放电低温等离子体法降解水中苯酚效果的影响 .提高脉冲电压峰值和放电频率、延长放电时间等均可大大提高降解效果 .自由基清除剂如正丁醇和缓冲剂如硼酸盐的存在均会显著降低降解效果 .1 0 0mg·L- 1苯酚废水溶液放电处理 1 80min ,最高降解率达 67 3 % .当放电处理 42 0min时 ,废水的TOC下降 83 8% .     

磷钨酸表面修饰TiO2光催化降解空气污染物

 以磷钨酸水溶液湿法浸渍表面修饰TiO₂制备了磷钨酸/二氧化钛复合催化剂,并进行了H₂-TPR、BET比表面、TG-DTA、FTIR、UV-vis表征.以含甲醛、丙酮的模拟污染空气,研究其在复合光催化剂作用下的光催化降解行为.结果表明,修饰剂磷钨酸含量为21.9%时,光催化降解甲醛的效果最佳;该反应随修饰剂磷钨酸含量的增加,甲醛的部分还原产物甲醇含量增加,说明HPW与TiO₂产生了明显的协同作用,改变了TiO₂光催化反应历程,由此推导出可能的反应机理;修饰剂磷钨酸含量为21.9%时,光催化降解丙酮的效果也最好,去除率达到100%.     

Phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｏｉｌｓａｒｅａｓｉｎｋｆｏｒｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｏｆｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｆｏｒｈｕｍａｎａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｈｅａｌｔｈａｎｄｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ .Ｓｏｍｅｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓａｒｒｉｖｉｎｇｉｎｓｏｉｌｓｃａｎｂｅｒａｐｉｄｌｙｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄ ,ｗｈｉｌｓｔｇｒｅａｔａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ (ＰＯＰｓ)ｍａｙｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｉｎｓｏ…     

Multi-function adsorbent-photocatalyst MXene-TiO2 composites for removal of enrofloxacin antibiotic from water

MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, have attracted tremendous attention for various applications due to their unique properties such as good electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and ion intercalability. In this work, Ti₃C₂ MXene, or MX, is converted to MX-TiO₂ composites using a simple and rapid microwave hydrothermal treatment in HCl/NaCl mixture solution that induces formation of fine TiO₂ particles on the MX parent structure and imparts photocatalytic activity to the resulting MX-TiO₂ composites. The composites were used for enrofloxacin (ENR), a frequently found contaminating antibiotic, removal from water. The relative amount of the MX and TiO₂ can be controlled by controlling the hydrothermal temperature resulting in composites with tunable adsorption/photocatalytic properties. NaCl addition was found to play important role as composites synthesized without NaCl could not adsorb enrofloxacin well. Adding NaCl into the hydrothermal treatment causes sodium ions to be simultaneously intercalated into the composite structure, improving ENR adsorption greatly from 1 to 6 mg ENR/g composite. It also slows down the MX to TiO₂ conversion leading to a smaller and more uniform distribution of TiO₂ particles on the structure. MX-TiO₂/NaCl composites, which have sodium intercalated in their structures, showed both higher ENR adsorption and photocatalytic activity than composites without NaCl despite the latter having higher TiO₂ content. Adsorbed ENR on the composites can be efficiently degraded by free radicals generated from the photoexcited TiO₂ particles, leading to high photocatalytic degradation efficiency. This demonstrates the synergetic effect between adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the synthesized compounds.     

黄河三门峡库区段水污染物排放总量控制研究

根据黄河水资源保护规划的要求，对黄河三门峡库区段水污染物允许排污总量进行计算，在此基础上采用黑箱模型，建立了区域排污与控制河段目标总量之间的输入响应关系，并根据允许入黄量确定对各污染源的排污控制要求，为实施区域环境总量控制奠定基础。     

环境污染系统的灰色投入产出模型

将投入产出模型与灰色理论结合起来，建立了以灰色预测为基础的环境污染系统灰色投入产出模型，探索了如何从污染物总量控制目标出发来规划和发展生产。