天津污水海洋处置工程的可行性研究

本文对天津市２８个陆源污染物排海口进行调查分析，在天津海域进行了较大范围的实地监测取得了大量的有关潮汐、余流场、水位及各种污染物２场的资料，建立了多种水质模型。在此基础上结合天津近岸海域独特的地理位置及地形地貌进行经济、环境、效益的综合分析，为渤海典型海域实施污水海洋处置工程的可靠性提供了可借鉴的依据。     

应用GIS模拟城市大气污染物浓度分布

从点源大气污染扩散模型出发,借助GIS的栅格与数据库运算功能,结合自已设计的推算流程,对兰州市大气污染物SO2的空间分布情况进行了模拟。经检验,该方法能够较准确的反映出兰州大气污染物的空间分布特征,较应用实测值进行插值的方法简便,具有较好的应用前景。     

长江镇江段COD排放量控制的环境效益分析

在镇江金东造纸工程环境影响评价中，提出了长江镇江段全江段ＣＯＤ排放量控制方案，通过模式进行分段定量计算，分析了工程实施所造成的环境损失和实施区域排放量控制所产生的环境效益。结果表明，拟用控制方案环境效益显著，其实施将明显改善内江江段和畅洲江段南汊的水环境质量；金东造纸工程选址合理，充分利用了大港江段水环境容量大的优势，其实施所造成的环境损失较小。考虑到污染负荷削减的环境效益，对我国实施污染物排放总量控制提出了４条建议。     

氯乙酰胺类除草剂微生物降解研究进展

主要介绍了几种氯乙酰胺类除草剂的微生物降解机制和相关降解酶．目前没有一种纯菌培养物或混合菌群能完全矿化异丙甲草胺和甲草胺，它们只能被细菌和真菌共代谢．毒草胺能被纯菌或混合菌群完全矿化，且有几种不同的矿化途径．乙草胺是我国生产量和使用量最多的三大除草剂之一，然而关于其微生物降解方面的研究在国内外报道的非常少，因此关于乙草胺被微生物降解和矿化的研究工作还有待于进一步加强．参45     

脂肪腈化物的微生物降解

从长期被腈化物污染的土壤中，筛选到３株对腈化物化物降解能力很强的细菌，分别为霍夫曼棒杆菌（Ｃｏｒｙｎｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｈｏｆｆｍａｎｉｉ Ｂ－２１）、微黄色节杆菌（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｆｌａｖｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｂ－２２）和克雷伯氏杆菌（Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ ｓｐ．Ｐ－２１）。该菌可将乙腈（Ａｃｅｔｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丙腈（Ｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丁腈（Ｂｕｔｙｒｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）和丙烯     

中国土地荒漠化／土地退化的防治与环境保护

荒漠化是当今全球最严重的环境问题之一。结合中国国情来看，荒漠化不仅发生于干旱、半干旱地区；也发生于湿润、半湿润地区。中国已存在的荒漠化土地面积１１１．７万ｋｍ￣２，占国土面积的１１．６％；其中风力作用、水蚀作用和物理及化学作用下的荒漠化土地约各占１／３。另外中国还有易受风力和水力作用影响的潜在荒漠化土地５３．５万ｋｍ￣２和８７．５万ｋｍ￣２，潜在盐渍化土地１７．３万ｋｍ￣２。中国土地荒漠化是在脆弱生态条件下，人口过快增长，人为不合理的经营活动如水资源利用不当、过度开垦、过度放牧、过度樵采，以及工矿建设造成的土地与植被破坏、环境污染等所致，对它的防治实质上就是对退化环境的整治。中国荒漠化土地经过近几十年来的治理，个别地区有所好转，但总体上仍在发展中，因而它是环境保护与持续发展中的重要问题，必须引起重视。在总结中国防治荒漠化经验的基础上，提出了防治荒漠化的基本对策。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

在不同接种源污泥颗粒化过程中污泥理化性状对比研究的基础上,采用成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,对其脱氮行为以及不同C/N条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的比耗氧速率、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率随时间的变化等进行了研究.实验结果表明,在进水氨氮质量浓度较高(480 mg/L)、温度30℃左右的条件下,稳定运行15 d,氨氮的去除率维持在85%左右;进水氨氮的浓度越高,随着微生物对环境的逐渐适应,硝化菌的活性也逐步增加;随着进水氨氮浓度的提高,好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率也逐渐上升.     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dyanamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the grading populations size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in vegetated soil. METHODS: The soil was a coastal sandy loam (pH 7.8) which was artificially contaminated with 10 g of No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil or left uncontaminated. The pots were irrigated with fertilizer and 1% NaCl. The enumerations were carried out in the contaminated and uncontaminated rhizospheres of three trees, kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), and kou (Cordia subcordata) and three shrubs, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), and oleander (Nerium oleander). Unplanted control soils were included in the experiment. Total bacteria and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were enumerated on plates. Diesel- and pristane-degrading microorganisms were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique in tissue-culture plates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All four types of microorganisms responded to the rhizosphere of the 6 plants in uncontaminated soil and to the diesel contaminant in unplanted soil. In contaminated rhizospheres, no effect of the plant on the hydrocarbon-degrader numbers was visible. Total bacteria responded more to the plant roots than to the contaminant. The phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and pristane-degrading microorganisms were more influenced by the contaminant than by the plants. The diesel-degrading microorganisms were equally stimulated by the plants and the contaminant. The numbers of hydrocarbon degraders were similar in the contaminated rhizospheres of the three effective plants (kiawe, kou, and milo) and in those of the three ineffective shrubs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the quality of the rhizodeposition is plant-dependent and governs the type of diesel-degrader populations that will be enhanced by a given plant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In the proposed phytoremediation-benefit model plant roots maintain high levels of hydrocaron degraders in uncontaminated soil. When the root enters a contaminated zone of soil, those hydrocarbon degraders that prefer the contaminant would switch to the contaminant as a carbon source, effectively removing the hydrocarbons. If the root exudates and the contaminant are equally attractive to the hydrocarbon degraders, the contaminant degradaton would be less effective.     

水葫芦对萘的降解作用研究

分别在静态和动态两种条件下 ,以水葫芦为对象 ,对水生植物净化塘处理萘污水进行研究。结果表明 ,在静态试验中 ,水葫芦净化塘对浓度为 2 5、6 5和 16 1mg L萘污水的 7d净化率分别为 97 1%、93 7%和 90 4 %。动态试验中 ,相同浓度萘污水 7d后的出水净化效率分别为 99 2 %— 99 9%、97 3%— 98 6 %和 94 6 %— 96 7%。进水浓度分别为1 2mg L和 6 5mg L萘污水在水葫芦净化塘中的最佳停留时间分别为 5d和 7d ,水葫芦净化塘动态过程的净化效率高于静态过程     

Acetochlor as a soil pollutant

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide all over the world. Similarly to other organic pollutants, the environmental fate of the acetochlor is strongly related to its adsorption properties. Static adsorption equilibrium measurements were carried out at 25 degrees C on different types of Hungarian soils characterized by varying amounts of organic matter and pH values. Isotherms obtained under different conditions, as well as on various soils, exhibit a similar shape, thus indicating a two-step adsorption process. The plots cannot be interpreted according to the classes of isotherms suggested by Giles. The adsorption coefficients (K) were estimated from the initial slope of the curves. These values were determined not only by the type of the soil, but also by the composition of the aqueous media. The organic matter adsorption coefficients (Kom) were also calculated and they were approximately identical for soils of high organic matter. Due to the low value of the adsorption coefficients, the acetochlor is a rather mobile pollutant of the soil posing a potential danger to the aquatic environment. For soils with high organic content, the Kom values are similar to each other and, due to the significant coverage of the inorganic surfaces, the adsorption is controlled by the solute-organic substance interactions. The adsorption of weakly polar compounds, however, is remarkable even on those soils where the organic content is low. In this case, the binding is governed by the solute-inorganic surface interactions. This conclusion is nicely proved by the adsorption of the acetochlor on quartz. According to our hypothesis, the second part of the adsorption step is controlled by the solute-adsorbed solute interactions. The role of the organic matter in this region of the isotherm is probably negligible. As the organic matter content of the soils plays an important role in the acetochlor adsorption, humic substances must have a strong influence upon the transport of this compound. Experiments to obtain adsorption isotherms of further pesticides and the development of a quantitative model are in progress.