六氯苯的O3及UV/O3高级氧化降解试验研究

采用O₃、UV/O₃高级氧化法对水中六氯苯（HCB）的降解效果及机理进行了研究，并对结果进行了比较，结果表明，UV本身对HCB的去除率贡献不大，HCB可被O₃、UV/O₃快速降解，即UV＜O₃＜UV/O₃；O₃、UV/O₃作用时，提高体系的初始pH值不利于HCB的降解，在pH＝3，HCB=0.2 mg/L，反应40 min时，HCB的去除可达50%左右，酸性条件下有利于降解反应的进行；无论是O₃单独作用还是UV/O₃联合作用，HCB的降解基本上满足准一级反应动力学规律，如果体系的pH值基本保持恒定，这种规律就更为明显。根据离子色谱(IC)、GC对六氯苯降解中间产物进行了测定，探讨了O₃、UV/O₃降解六氯苯的途径和机理。     

高频超声辐照降解水中4-氯酚的研究

本文着重探讨了高频超声波 (1.7MHz)降解 4 氯酚的反应过程和反应机理 ,研究了高频超声波降解 4 氯酚的效果 ,并讨论了 4 氯酚初始浓度等因素对降解效果的影响。高频超声波降解 4 氯酚为一级反应 ,超声波空化效应在降解过程中起主导作用     

水体中卤代芳烃污染状况及降解途径研究进展

介绍了卤代芳烃对水环境所造成的污染和危害 ,并对水体中该类污染物降解技术研究进展进行了综述。着重介绍了光降解及光催化技术、化学氧化法、氢解还原和辐射降解等技术在该领域的有关研究。     

对苯二甲酸二甲酯及其异构体的好氧微生物降解

从红树林底泥中以对苯二甲酸二甲酯和间苯二甲酸二甲酯为碳和能源通过富集培养分离到 5株细菌 ,并对其进行了鉴定 ,分别是PasteurellamultocidaSDMTa (多杀巴斯德氏菌 )、KlebsiellaoxytocaSDMTb (产酸克雷伯氏菌 )、Klebsiellasp .SDMTc (克雷伯氏菌株 )、SphingomonaspaucimobilisSDMIy (少动鞘氨醇单胞菌 )和Methylobac teriummesophilicumSDMIr (嗜中温甲基杆菌 ) .这些微生物对对苯二甲酸二甲酯及其异构体间苯二甲酸二甲酯有较强的降解能力 .在pH为 7的条件下 ,浓度为 98mg/L的对苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMT)可在 36d内被完全降解 ,主要中间产物为对苯二甲酸一甲酯 (MMT)和对苯二甲酸 (TA) .在混合培养条件下 ,浓度达 2 2 0mg/L的间苯二甲酸二甲酯在 35d内降解达 99%以上 ,但其中间产物间苯二甲酸一甲酯 (MMI)不能被降解而在培养液中积累 .根据鉴定出的中间产物 ,对苯二甲酸二甲酯的生化降解途径为 :DMT→MMT→TA→CO2 H2 O .研究结果表明 ,对苯二甲酸二甲酯的 2个酯基的水解是决定其完全矿化的重要起始步骤 .对苯二甲酸二甲酯比间苯二甲酸二甲酯更容易被降解 .图 6表 2参 18     

Chloroacetic acids in environmental processes

The fate of chloroacetic acids (CAA) in forest soils was studied using radio-indicator methods. We showed that chloroacetic acids are both microbially degraded and simultaneously formed by chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of acetic and humic acids. The degree of biodegradation of chloroacetic acids in soil depends on their concentration. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is degraded faster than trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Chlorination of acetic acid led to a fast formation of dichloroacetic acid, whereas chlorination of humic acids gave rise to trichloroacetic acid. Both processes lead to a steady state in soil, participate in the chlorine cycle and possibly also in decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems.     

菲、芘、1,2,4-三氯苯对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应

测定了草甸棕壤条件下 ,菲、芘和 1,2 ,4-三氯苯单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应。结果表明 ,3种化学品的浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著相关 (α =0 .0 5 ,r菲 =0 .87,r芘 =0 .85 ,r三氯苯 =0 .95 ) ,与蚯蚓亚致死效应的相关性稍低 (α =0 .0 5 ,r菲 =0 .75 ,r芘 =0 .72 ,r三氯苯 =0 .85 )。蚯蚓个体对 3种有机物毒性的耐受程度差别较大。引起蚯蚓死亡的毒性阈值浓度菲和 1,2 ,4-三氯苯均为 2 0mg·kg-1,芘为 2 0 0 0mg·kg-1;引起蚯蚓体重增长率下降的亚急性毒性阈值浓度分别为菲 2 0mg·kg-1、1,2 ,4-三氯苯 3 0 0mg·kg-1、芘 10 0 0mg·kg-1;LC10 0 分别为菲 10 0mg·kg-1,1,2 ,4-三氯苯 3 5 0mg·kg-1。由于芘的低水溶性和低毒性 ,无法计算LC10 0 。实验还表明 ,复合污染主要表现为协同和拮抗作用     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌(Phlebia radiata)I-5-6对二英类物质2,7-二氯二苯并英(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解规律.结果显示,在自然河水为介质的培养环境中,2,7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增,降解率逐步下降,但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱.白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想,经过12d处理后,降解率最高只达到36.00%,这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化,再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难.     

蚯蚓体腔细胞彗星试验检测阿散酸在泥浆体系中降解前后的遗传毒性变化

配制不同浓度的阿散酸标准液,与某养猪场附近的表层土壤混合形成泥浆系统,放在摇床上连续培养30d.在第0、1、2、3、4周取出适量降解液,分别用分光光度法测定阿散酸的降解率;用彗星试验检测降解液对赤子爱胜蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,阿散酸低浓度时在泥浆体系中能被较快降解,500mg/L的降解率达到了25%;蚯蚓体腔细胞彗星试验表明,所有降解液均具有遗传毒性,可导致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA明显损伤,与对照相比具有显著性差异(P<0.05).图1表1参17     

2-氯苯甲酸好氧降解菌的降解特性

分离出 2株以 2 -氯苯甲酸为唯一碳源的细菌W1和W2 ,这 2株菌对 2 -氯苯甲酸的降解均表现为一级动力学反应。W1降解酶系为诱导酶 ,对 2 -氯苯甲酸的降解动力学常数为 -0 .1 34h- 1;W2降解酶系为非诱导酶 ,对 2 -氯苯甲酸的降解动力学常数为 -0 .0 388h- 1。W1还能够降解 4 -氯苯甲酸、苯、甲苯和邻苯二酚 ,但不能降解 3-氯苯甲酸、2 ,4 -二氯苯甲酸、乙苯、丙苯和萘。W1菌体质粒和染色体提取实验表明 ,其降解基因位于染色体上。     

Degradation of Benzo[a]Pyrene in Soil with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Alfalfa

Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was grown in pots containing soil artificially contaminated with various levels of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)(0, 1, 10 and 100 mg kg^–1). Soil and plants were sampled after 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 days and compared with unlanted pots. The percentage of mycorrhizal root length colonized by Glomus caledoniun was not significantly affected by the addition of B[a]P up to 10 mg kg^–1 but was significantly lower at 100 mg kg^–1B[a]P compared with low concentrations (p < 0.05). There was no difference in soil polyphenol oxidase and dehydrogenase activity among the controls and applications of 1 and 10 mg kg^–1 of B[a]P. However, enzyme activities were significantly higher at 100 mg kg^–1B[a]P compared with the other three treatments, and there was no mycorrhizal effect. Over a period of 90 days the concentration of B[a]P in soil in which alfalfa was grown was significantly lower than in unplanted soil (p < 0.05). Degradation rates of B[a]P added at 1, 10 and 100 mg kg^–1 without G. caledonium were 76, 78 and 53%, and with mycorrhizal inoculation were 86, 87 and 57%. The degradation rate in unplanted soil was significantly lower than in planted soil, and was significantly higher in medium- and low-B[a]P treatments than in the high B[a]P concentration tested. There is a possibility of enhancement phytoremediation of PAHs in rhizosphere soil with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.