长三角地区城乡融合发展水平、演化及影响因素

在城乡发展差距日益扩大的背景下,以长三角地区作为研究案例,运用熵值法计算长三角地区2008—2018年城乡融合发展指数,并利用地理探测器模型分析城乡融合水平的主要影响因素及其演变特征。结果表明：长三角地区城乡融合发展水平呈现出“高低高”结构向“Σ”转变的空间演变特征,空间融合发展水平和社会融合发展水平的高值区大致呈现出“Σ”的空间分布特征,经济融合发展水平呈现出“高低高”的圈层结构特征,生活融合发展水平大致呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局;从地理探测器模型结果来看,经济发展水平、产业高级化、财政支农支出比例、财政分权有助于城乡融合的发展,经济发展的速度、产业结构偏离、城乡基本建设支出比例不利于城乡融合的发展;从时间变化上看,政府力量在逐步减弱,市场力量在逐渐增强。     

The influence of street level bureaucracy on the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment

A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation.     

The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands

The long‐term threat of sea‐level rise to coral atoll and reef island communities in Kiribati, Tuvalu and other nations has raised the possibility of international migration. Historical resettlements in the Pacific may provide valuable insight into the long‐term effect of future climate change‐related migration on communities. This study evaluates the challenges faced by Gilbertese people resettled from modern‐day Kiribati to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands by the British colonial administration in the mid‐1900s. Drawing upon field interviews (n = 45) conducted in 2011 and the available historical literature, the study examines the circumstances of the initial failed resettlement in the equatorial Phoenix Islands, the subsequent relocation to Ghizo, and the recent concerns of the Gilbertese in Ghizo. Focus is placed on the struggle to recover from the 2007 tsunami that devastated the unprepared community. The analysis reveals that uncertainty about land tenure (raised by 61% of respondents) persists 60 years after resettlement, and is linked to the ability to recover from the tsunami, tensions with the Melanesian population, concerns over political representation, cultural decline, and education and employment opportunities. The Gilbertese experience can serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers considering mechanisms for facilitating climate change‐related migration.     

Trophic State in Voyageurs National Park Lakes before and after Implementation of a Revised Water‐Level Management Plan

We compiled Secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a (Chla) data from Voyageurs National Park lakes and compared datasets before and after a new water‐level management plan was implemented in January 2000. Average Secchi depth transparency improved (from 1.9 to 2.1 m, p = 0.020) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011 in Kabetogama Lake for August samples only and remained unchanged in Rainy, Namakan, and Sand Point Lakes, and Black Bay in Rainy Lake. Average open‐water season Chla concentration decreased in Black Bay (from an average of 13 to 6.0 μg/l, p = 0.001) and Kabetogama Lake (from 9.9 to 6.2 μg/l, p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state index decreased significantly in Black Bay from 59 to 51 (p = 0.006) and in Kabetogama Lake from 57 to 50 (p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state indices based on Chla indicated that after 2000, Sand Point, Namakan, and Rainy Lakes remained oligotrophic, whereas eutrophication has decreased in Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay. Although nutrient inputs from inflows and internal sources are still sufficient to produce annual cyanobacterial blooms and may inhibit designated water uses, trophic state has decreased for Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay and there has been no decline in lake ecosystem health since the implementation of the revised water‐level management plan.     

省级层面生态文明管理体系及协调机制改革研究

本研究基于生态文明体制改革的迫切需求,立足我国不同区域现实状况的差异,以我国东部某省为研究对象,基于充分的文献研究、专家咨询和实地调研,以自然资源保护及污染综合防治为核心,深入分析省级层面生态文明管理体制现状,识别当前存在的主要问题,结合国家生态文明体制改革思路和该省实际情况,制订生态文明管理体系及协调机制改革的总体框架,提出重组机构职能配置、优化自然资源管理、理顺污染防治体系、健全有效督政机制、发展绿色化决策等五个针对性的改革建议,为我国省级层面生态文明体制改革提供参考借鉴。     

镇层级温室气体排放清单编制及案例分析

参考《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》等资料,结合小区域的特点,研制了《小区域温室气体排放清单编制方法》。以无锡市胡埭镇为例,介绍了清单的结构、核算方法、活动水平数据获取要求和排放因子选取方式,通过案例分析,表明该方法适用于城市以下区域的温室气体排放清单编制工作。     

筛分水平浓度法构建浑河沉积物重金属基准初步研究

以浑河水系表层沉积物为研究对象,应用筛分水平浓度法初步探讨了浑河沉积物中4种重金属(铜、铅、锌和镉)沉积物质量基准推荐值。结果表明,筛分水平浓度法获取的浑河沉积物铜、铅、锌和镉的质量基准分别为46.69、39.18、140.03和0.54mg·kg-1(以干质量计)。通过与不同国家及地区指定的重金属质量基准推荐值以及本地区采用其他方法推导的重金属基准推荐值进行比较,推算出本研究获取的4种重金属沉积物质量基准推荐值接近所有数据的中间值。由于本研究中用于推导沉积物质量基准的数据相对较少,导致获取的沉积物重金属质量基准推荐值存在一定的不确定性。     

厚荚相思和尾叶桉人工林土壤线虫群落研究

相思树和桉树等树种因其生长迅速、耐性好以及适合制作纸浆等特点,近年来在华南地区大面积种植,带来了巨大的经济利益,但是相思树和桉树如何影响林下土壤生物多样性和土壤肥力还不清楚,科学评价其林下土壤健康水平十分必要。土壤线虫的种类和数量十分丰富,在土壤食物网各营养级中占据重要位置,对土壤环境变化反应敏感,作为土壤健康的指示生物被广泛应用。本文以幼龄厚荚相思 Acacia crassicapa和尾叶桉 Eucalyptus urophylla人工林为研究对象,于干季和湿季分别对2个林分根区和非根区土壤线虫进行研究,探讨土壤线虫这种指示生物的数量、各营养类群比例和多样性的变化规律,以及它们和环境因子的关系。主要结果表明：（1）厚荚相思土壤线虫总数为每公斤干土6741条,显著高于尾叶桉线虫总数的28.3%。厚荚相思人工林土壤食细菌线虫的百分比相比尾叶桉人工林高6.3%,且差异显著。（2）土壤线虫的群落组成变化具有明显的季节波动,湿季土壤食细菌线虫比例上升,而植物寄生线虫的比例下降,多样性指数由干季的0.87减小到0.75,统计差异均达到了显著水平。（3）根区比非根区显著提高了线虫数量的89.1%,这是由根区积累更多的有机碳和总氮引起的。总之,厚荚相思人工林为土壤自由生活线虫提供了优良环境,且在幼龄期没有表现出土壤酸化,生态效应优于尾叶桉人工林,在华南地区人工林营林过程中可适当增加厚荚相思林分面积。     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

水泥工业大气污染物排放控制水平确立研究

国家修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,新建企业自2014年3月1日起实施,现有企业自2015年7月1日起实施.在修订过程中,如何确定可行的大气污染物排放控制水平,成为标准限值确定的关键.标准编制组系统调查分析了我国水泥工业污染排放现状、污染控制技术应用情况、环境管理需求、国外标准控制水平等,提出了可行的排放控制要求.新标准扩大了标准适用范围,增加了污染物控制项目,提高了颗粒物、NOx等指标的排放控制要求,同时增加了适用于重点地区的大气污染物特别排放限值.新标准的实施将成为水泥工业污染防治、总量减排、调整产业结构、优化布局的重要抓手,新标准将促进水泥工业生产工艺和污染治理技术的进步.