A SIPHON GAGE FOR MONITORING SURFACE-WATER LEVELS1

A device that uses a siphon tube to establish a hydraulic connection between the bottom of an onshore standpipe and a point at the bottom of a water body was designed and tested for monitoring surface-water levels. Water is added to the standpipe to a level sufficient to drive a complete slug of water through the siphoning tube and to flush all air out of the system. The water levels in the standpipe and the water body equilibrate and provide a measurable static water surface in the standpipe. The siphon gage was designed to allow quick and accurate year-round measurements with minimal maintenance. Currently available devices for monitoring surface-water levels commonly involve time-consuming and costly installation and surveying, and the movement of reference points and the presence of ice cover in cold regions cause discontinuity and inaccuracy in the data collected. Installation and field testing of a siphon gage using 0.75-in-diameter polyethylene tubing at Ashumet Pond in Falmouth, Massachusetts, demonstrated that the siphon gage can provide long-term data with a field effort and accuracy equivalent to measurement of ground-water levels at an observation well.     

PCBs contributions to the total TEQ released from Korean municipal and industrial waste incinerators

Non-ortho and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the stack gases and the fly-ash from nine Korean municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Soil samples collected near MSWI and industrial waste incinerator (IWI) sites were also examined for PCBs. The PCBs levels in the stack gas samples ranged between 0.0046 and 12.0 TEQ-ng/Nm³. The PCB homologue profiles were distinct for the stack gas samples and different from the fly-ash. PCBs levels in soil samples collected near MSWIs and IWI ranged between 0.86 and 19.73 TEQ-ng/g with background levels of 0.17 TEQ-ng/g. The lower chlorination PCBs were dominant in the soil samples. The stack emission PCBs homologue patterns were compared to those detected in the soil samples. The findings suggest that localized point sources as well air mass movement contribute to the deposition of PCBs onto soil.     

吉林省产业系统生态效率评价

将环境效率分解为与产业系统运行过程相对应的源头预防效率、清洁生产效率和末端治理效率,从系统整体协同视角构建整合不同过程效率的生态效率度量模型,并以吉林省为案例进行分析,结果表明:①吉林省在推进产业系统生态效率实践中,末端治理仍是优先选择,其次为清洁生产,最后为源头循环,具有清晰的次序性;②不同类型城市在生态效率路径选择方面存在差异,综合型城市侧重于源头循环,而资源型城市更依赖清洁生产和末端治理;③吉林省产业系统生态效率发展水平从2002年的0.40增长到2008年的0.49,增幅为23.59％,产业发展与环境污染处于脱钩状态;④吉林省产业系统生态效率发展质量指数整体水平较高,而且在波动中趋于上升,增幅为7.19％;⑤吉林省产业系统生态效率从2002年的0.35上升到2008年的0.46,增幅为32.48％,产业系统生态效率发展水平对生态效率进步的贡献度为72.64％,未来应重视提升生态效率发展质量.     

鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲分布特征的遥感研究

利用鄱阳湖区46景不同时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像,分别提取鄱阳湖的出露草洲范围,并假定只要一个时期是出露草洲就属于草洲,形成鄱阳湖湿地草洲潜在分布图,并分析鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲的分布特征。研究结果表明：(1)利用出露草洲面积与星子水文站观测水位得到二者的关系,表明出露草洲分布及范围受水位的影响显著,高水位时,大部分草洲被水淹没;低水位时,出露草洲面积大。此外,也受气象因素、草洲植物生长期的水位过程等因素影响;(2)出露草洲面积的季节变化明显：随水位的升高而减少,随水位的下降而增加;在植被生长期的春季和夏季,出露草洲面积逐渐减少,在秋季和冬季,出露草洲面积却逐渐增加;出露草洲面积最大在1月,最小在7月;(3)鄱阳湖潜在草洲的面积达2 441 km2,草洲可能出现的范围占整个鄱阳湖面积的69.5%     

浅谈新形势下县级环境监测工作

阐述了县级环境监测站在改革的新形势下,必须积极争取财政的支持,加强监测能力的建设,强化监测质量管理,拓宽技术服务领域,走自我完善,自我发展之路。     

采油厂联合站生产作业条件危险性评价

生产作业条件危险性评价法是对生产作业单元进行的危险性评价,其评价结果可以比较直观地反映出生产作业各岗位的危险程度,为企业安全管理提供指导.在对采油厂联合站各岗位深入调查的基础上,分析和评价了该站11个岗位的作业条件危险性,进行了危险度分级,确定了重大危险岗位.     

Evaluation of physiological, growth and yield responses of a tropical oil crop (Brassica campestris L. var. Kranti) under ambient ozone pollution at varying NPK levels

A field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of ambient ozone on mustard (Brassica campestris L. var. Kranti) plants grown under recommended and 1.5 times recommended NPK doses at a rural site of India using filtered (FCs) and non-filtered open top chambers (NFCs). Ambient mean O₃ concentration varied from 41.65 to 54.2 ppb during the experiment. Plants growing in FCs showed higher photosynthetic rate at both NPK levels, but higher stomatal conductance only at recommended NPK. There were improvements in growth parameters and biomass of plants in FCs as compared to NFCs at both NPK levels with higher increments at 1.5 times recommended. Seed yield and harvest index decreased significantly only at recommended NPK in NFCs. Seed quality in terms of nutrients, protein and oil contents reduced in NFCs at recommended NPK. The application of 1.5 times recommended NPK provided protection against yield loss due to ambient O₃.     

基于性能的结构抗风设计理论框架

提出了基于性能的结构抗风设计理论框架,将风压强度划分为4个设计风压等级(弱风压、中风压、强风压及超强风压),将人体振动舒适度划分为6个等级(无振感、轻微振感、中等振感、烦恼、非常烦恼和无法忍受)、三种振动水平(与人的舒适感相关的振动水平、与人正常工作和操作有关的振动水平、与人的生理健康直接相关的振动水平)。结合不同类别建筑物的性能需求及人体振动舒适度的要求,将结构风振性能水准划分为4种状态(性能健康、性能亚健康、性能病态及性能丧失),将结构风振性能目标划分为5个等级(A、B、C、D、E)。提出了结构抗风概念设计与计算分析的一般原则,给出了结构性能抗风安全性评价及社会经济评价基本内容的建议。     

城市土地生态利用水平测度及障碍因子诊断

从土地代谢理念出发,构建了城市土地生态利用水平的测评指标体系。根据该指标体系,以"加权和与加权积的混合算法"和"因子障碍度测算"为模型基础,对浙江省11个地级市的土地生态利用水平进行了综合测评。研究结果表明:①浙江省11个市的土地生态利用水平存在明显的空间差异,整体上浙东北部较高,西南部偏低;②城市土地生态利用水平与城市经济社会发展相关,但并不意味经济社会越发达,城市土地生态利用水平就会越高;③土地污染物的高排放是影响浙江省城市土地生态利用的最大障碍因子,其中单位面积废水排放影响最大;④对城市土地生态利用水平的测度根本目的不在于区分排名的先后,而在于找到差距和改善的方向。通过因子障碍度检验,发现构建科学合理的障碍因子管理体系,大力发展循环经济和推行清洁生产,开展土地生态文明教育是提高城市土地生态利用水平的重要路径选择。     

Embeddedness of climate change adaptation: established procedures and contending discourses for flood protection in Espoo,Finland

Calls for more stakeholder participation and cooperation, the acknowledgement of uncertainties as well as for flexible and robust solutions have become frequent in the literature on climate change adaptation. Recent studies show that these calls are taken up only reluctantly in local adaptation compared to sectoral and technical solutions. The aim of this study is to examine to which extent adaptation as an embedded process within the local context allows for stakeholder participation, cooperation and the robustness and flexibility of adaptation measures. It applies an analytical approach, combining an action framework of adaptation and document-based discourse analysis, to assess both the procedural and the substantive viewpoint of an adaptation case in Finland. This twofold approach provides insight into how the adaptation process and content influence and condition each other. The analysis highlights how new approaches to adaptation have to compete with prevailing discourses and institutionalised practices, as public authorities take the dominant role in adaptation, striving for certain and safe solutions. This process has few participatory elements and leaves little leeway to address uncertainty.