The challenge of being a young manager: The effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on team‐level turnover depend on leader age

Effective leadership requires a leader claiming as well as team members granting the leadership position. Contingent reward and participative leadership may both facilitate this mutual process. However, these behaviors differ in the degree to which they require a leader to have status and be prototypical. Their effectiveness might thus depend on the status‐related characteristics of the leader. In this respect, we propose that younger leaders, by deviating from the leader prototype in terms of age, lack a natural status cue, which will determine the effectiveness of these two leadership behaviors in shaping turnover. Two pilot studies (N = 113 and 121 individuals) confirm that younger leaders are perceived as less prototypical and to have lower status than older leaders. Examining 83 work teams, we show that leader age differently moderates the effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on time‐lagged team turnover. For younger (compared with older) leaders, contingent reward was effective as illustrated by decreased voluntary turnover and increased involuntary turnover, whereas participative leadership, which was associated with increased voluntary turnover and decreased involuntary turnover, was ineffective. These findings point to the importance of incorporating natural status cues of leaders for understanding the effectiveness of different leadership behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于水生态系统结构特征的滇池流域水生态功能三级分区

水生态功能分区的目的是为了实现中国流域的"分区、分类、分级、分期"管理的精细管理理念,而水生态系统结构是水生态系统完整性的基础,也是区分不同区域生境特征与功能差异的重要指标.因此,为了实现更精细化的湖泊流域管理,在滇池流域完成水生态功能二级分区基础上,基于水生态系统结构特征进一步对滇池流域进行三级区划,进而反映流域水生态功能的空间异质性.以反映水生态系统结构的物理、化学与生物特征为依据,分别构建了滇池流域陆域与湖体的三级分区指标体系;通过对三级分区单元指标综合值进行聚类分级,最终将滇池流域的水生态功能三级分区划分为20个陆域区和4个湖体区,并利用底栖与藻类的生物数据对分区进行合理性评价.最后基于生态服务功能理论,结合滇池流域自身特点与管理需求,将滇池流域三级分区定义为不同的水生态功能类型.通过对滇池流域水生态功能三级分区的划分以及主体功能的确定,不仅为滇池流域水生态健康管理构建了空间管理单元,而且为湖泊水生态功能分区的研究提供了案例.     

电力工程地下水环境影响评价工作等级及范围确定方法探讨

随着地下水环境影响评价工作的开展和深入,各行各业在开展地下水环境影响评价工程的实践过程中遇到了一些问题,这给电力工程地下水环境勘测评价工作的开展造成了诸多不便,尤其是地下水环境影响评价的工作等级和范围的界定方面.文章根据对电力行业地下水环境工作的认识,结合多年的实践经验,主要针对最新颁布的《环境影响评价技术导则-地下水环境》(HJ610-2016),进行了地下水环境影响评价等级及范围确定方法的深入研究和探讨.     

山区高校校园噪声环境监测及其评价研究

近年来,随着普通高等学校的扩招,学校噪声污染有加剧的趋势,校园噪声问题成为学者关注的热点之一.以商洛学院校本部为例,采用功能区实地布点监测法,收集了商洛学院11个监测点2015年3-4月11天的监测数据,利用等效连续A声级和噪声污染指数法进行噪声污染分析.结果表明:校园整体噪声污染严重,超标率达88.6%,噪声污染空间上集中于教学区的一号教学楼,时间上周内工作日较严重.噪声污染的主要原因是校内外的交通噪声和建筑施工.     

A Review of Water Quality Responses to Air Temperature and Precipitation Changes 1: Flow,Water Temperature,Saltwater Intrusion

Anticipated future increases in air temperature and regionally variable changes in precipitation will have direct and cascading effects on United States (U.S.) water quality. In this paper, and a companion paper by Coffey et al., we review technical literature addressing the responses of different water quality attributes to historical and potential future changes in air temperature and precipitation. The goal is to document how different attributes of water quality are sensitive to these drivers, to characterize future risk to inform management responses, and to identify research needs to fill gaps in our understanding. Here we focus on potential changes in streamflow, water temperature, and salt water intrusion (SWI). Projected changes in the volume and timing of streamflow vary regionally, with general increases in northern and eastern regions of the U.S., and decreases in the southern Plains, interior Southwest, and parts of the Southeast. Water temperatures have increased throughout the U.S. and are expected to continue to increase in the future, with the greatest changes in locations where high summer air temperatures occur together with low streamflow volumes. In coastal areas, especially the mid‐Atlantic and Gulf coasts, SWI to rivers and aquifers could be exacerbated by sea level rise, storm surges, and altered freshwater runoff. Management responses for reducing risks to water quality should consider strategies and practices robust to a range of potential future conditions.     

太湖流域经济增长与环境污染水平的关系研究

环境库兹涅茨曲线（KEC）是描述污染问题与经济发展之间关系的常用模型,一般情况下呈倒“U”形。通过对太湖流域1991-2005年的人均GDP与工业三废排放量之间的关系分析,研究发现,太湖流域的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征为增长的凹曲线,不同于传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线,同时分析了产生这一现象的原因,并从调整经济结构、转变增长方式、发展循环经济方面给出政策建议。     

Implications of sea level rise for coastal dune habitat conservation in Wales,UK

The potential impact of future sea level rise and climate change on 15 Welsh coastal dune systems has been investigated. Historical Trend Analysis was undertaken using Ordnance Survey maps to quantify past shoreline change and to permit extrapolation of past trends to predict possible future shoreline positions by 2080–2100. Predictions were also made using the Bruun Rule relationship between sea level rise and shoreline response and an integrated method of assessment, Expert Geomorphological Assessment (EGA), which provides a ‘best estimate’ of future coastline change, taking into account such factors as geological constraints, the nature of past, present and future environmental forcing factors, and known coastal process–response relationships. The majority of the 15 systems investigated experienced a net increase in dune area over the last 100–120 years. Only one (Whiteford Burrows) experienced significant net area loss (>5 ha). EGA predictions suggest that several systems are likely to experience significant net loss of dune habitat over the next century, whilst continued net gain is likely to occur for systems where sediment supply rates remain high. Little net change is predicted in some systems. Considering the 15 dune systems together, it is considered unlikely that net dune habitat loss will exceed net gain over the next 100 years provided that there are no major disruptions to sediment supply and natural coastal processes.     

Finding upper-level sets in cellular surface data using echelons and saTScan

Across a spectrum of contemporary contexts from public health to landscape ecology and natural resources, there is need for objective determination of elevated occurrence in phenomena such as disease incidence and biodiversity. Occurrences of such phenomena constitute response surfaces, but data regarding the surface is typically acquired in a cellular framework. The cells may comprise a regular grid, or may be of irregular shapes such as counties in which statistics are collected. Echelons are a topologically based approach to systematic determination of spatial structure in a step surface. Spatial scan statistics are a probability-based approach to the same issue when interest lies in a rate variable. Here we examine the use of echelons both separately and in conjunction with the SaTScan implementation of spatial scan statistics for purposes of determination and visualization of upper-level sets. Consideration is given to both conventional geographic space and to the cellular pseudo-space of contingency tables for ordered categorical variables. Received: August 2002 / Revised: July 2005     

Baseline Study on Essential and Trace Elements in Polished Rice from South Korea

In 2000, 63 (polished) white rice samples were collected in eight administrative areas all over South Korea and analyzed for 16 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium had the highest content, next to Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, Na, Al and Fe. Most of the samples contained worldwide average concentrations of essential and trace elements in rice grains reported by various researches. For inter-area differences in those elements in the rice, the statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the eight administrative areas, suggesting that inter-area differences were not substantial in most cases. Thus, the present data can be used as national background levels of elements in rice produced in South Korea. Using the published data on daily consumption of rice in South Korea, it was possible to estimate the daily intake of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn via rice. The results showed that a regular consumption of rice produced in Korea plays an important role in accumulation of essential and trace elements in Korean, especially for farm-households consuming relatively large amounts of rice.     

AM真菌和施钾量对烟草植株钾素累积和分布的交互效应

采用盆栽试验，研究了不同施K水平下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对烤烟烟叶生长和植株中K素累积和分布的影响。结果表明，不同施K水平对AM真菌的接种效果有显著的影响，以每公斤土施K2O0.75-1.125g时接种效果最好。接种AM真菌提高了烟草根系菌根侵染率，增加了烟叶总干重，其中对中位烟叶效果明显，上位和下位烟叶因施K量而异，接种AM真菌显著增加了K在叶中的分配比例，减少了K在茎中的分配比例，提高了烟叶中K素的累积量，增加了成熟期烟叶K的含量。表5参8。