关于《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》倍频带声压级结构传播固定设备室内噪声排放限值使用的探讨

根据现行国家噪声排放标准排放限值,文中从噪声危害角度根据噪声评价曲线,论证了结构传播固定设备室内噪声等效声级排放限值与结构传播固定设备室内倍频带声压级的等效关系。     

Geostatistical Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level

Groundwater and water resources management plays a key role in conserving the sustainable conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. Applying management tools which can reveal the critical and hot conditions seems necessary due to some limitations such as labor and funding. In this study, spatial and temporal analysis of monthly groundwater level fluctuations of 39 piezometric wells monitored during 12 years was carried out. Geostatistics which has been introduced as a management and decision tool by many researchers has been applied to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation. Results showed that a strong spatial and temporal structure existed for groundwater level fluctuations due to very low nugget effects. Spatial analysis showed a strong structure of groundwater level drop across the study area and temporal analysis showed that groundwater level fluctuations have temporal structure. On average, the range of variograms for spatial and temporal analysis was about 9.7 km and 7.2 months, respectively. Ordinary and universal kriging methods with cross-validation were applied to assess the accuracy of the chosen variograms in estimation of the groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations for spatial and temporal scales, respectively. Results of ordinary and universal krigings revealed that groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations were underestimated by 3% and 6% for spatial and temporal analysis, respectively, which are very low and acceptable errors and support the unbiasedness hypothesis of kriging. Although, our results demonstrated that spatial structure was a little bit stronger than temporal structure, however, estimation of groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations could be performed with low uncertainty in both space and time scales. Moreover, the results showed that kriging is a beneficial and capable tool for detecting those critical regions where need more attentions for sustainable use of groundwater. Regions in which were detected as critical areas need to be much more managed for using the current water resources efficiently. Conducting water harvesting systems especially in critical and hot areas in order to recharge the groundwater, and altering the current cropping pattern to another one that need less water requirement and applying modern irrigation techniques are highly recommended; otherwise, it is most likely that in a few years no more crop would be cultivated.     

Activity Accounting Technique for Environmental Noise Assessment in Mechanized Surface Mining

The authors have developed the Activity Accounting Technique for predicting far field noise levels due to operation of specific set of mining machinery. The technique is based on the breaking down of the mining operations into a number of activities and establishing their duration and average location. By estimating the noise levels due to these activities, the overall noise field near a surface mine can be predicted. Experiments were undertaken at a quarry to validate the model developed based on this technique. Results of these experiments are discussed in this paper. The Activity Accounting Technique has the scope of elaborate application for prediction of environmental noise near mining sites. In a system where the activities involved and their duration can be estimated one can develop a noise quality prediction model based on near field spectrum of the sound pressure levels due to the activities. However, this method will be more useful if an acoustic database can be evolved for all the possible activities for different alternative equipment system.     

软土深基坑的空间变形特性分析及危险性评估

为准确掌握软土深基坑的变形特性,并合理评价其危险性,基于现场监测成果,进行基坑重要监测项目的空间变形特征分析;通过变形分级和发展趋势判据计算得到相应特征指标,从而开展基坑危险性评估.结果表明:支护结构的空间变形近似呈"驼峰"特征,即基坑两端头的变形值相对较小,而基坑中部的变形值相对较大;周边土体沉降相对较小,随着与基坑...     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物理化性质和磷的垂向变化

利用SMT标准测试程序对太湖3个不同营养水平湖区表层10 cm柱状沉积物进行磷赋存形态的垂向分析,并在此基础上讨论了沉积物有机质总量(w(OM)),细颗粒组成与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,研究区各采样点沉积物的w(TP)平均值为437～1 650 mg/kg,最高为1 809 mg/kg; w(OM)平均值为17.93～38.76 mg/g;沉积物颗粒组成以粉砂和粘粒为主,占总量的49.64%～83.57%.不同湖区沉积物磷形态的垂向分布规律不同,总体上TP,无机磷(IP),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)表现出在表层富集的现象, 钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)随深度的变化不大; w(OM)自表层向下逐渐降低. 无机磷占沉积物中总磷的比例较大,且其含量与Fe/Al-P的含量密切相关.Fe/Al-P占TP的比例随沉积物污染程度的增加而升高,是与人类活动密切相关的;有机质总量与OP显著相关;粘粒比例随污染程度的增加逐渐增大.      

三江平原农田渠系中氮素的时空变化

以三江平原开发强度不同的浓江上游段和别拉洪河中游段的农田排水渠系为研究对象,根据毛、农、斗、支、干5个渠道级别设采样点,分析TN、NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N在渠系中的时空变化规律及其影响机制.结果表明,别拉洪河中游段渠系中的TN、NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N浓度大于浓江上游段;TN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N的浓度峰值沿着渠系从低级向高级移动,浓江上游段峰值出现的最高级别是干渠,而别拉洪河中游段是斗渠;多等级的排水渠系对氮素起到了一定的截留作用,且别拉洪河中游段渠系对氮素的截留大于浓江上游段;2个渠系中的TN、NH⁺₄-N的季节变化趋势相一致,6～9月逐月减少,而NO^-₃-N的季节变化不明显且没有规律;TN与NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N呈显著性正相关,浓江上游段TN与NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N之间的关系适合幂函数模型,而别拉洪河中游段适合三次曲线模型;通过多元回归分析得到别拉洪河中游段渠系中的TN浓度与NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N之间的关系模型可以解释78%的TN浓度.     

基于Surfer的机场噪声等值线计算机绘制方法

以国际民航组织(ICAO)推荐的计权等效连续感觉噪声级(LWECPN)为评价参数,利用Visual C++编程,直接调用等值线绘制工具Surfer中的各种数学模型,实现噪声等值线绘制的自动化.并以浙江省某机场为实例绘制了噪声等值线图,该方法大大提高了绘图的效率,预测值与实测值的误差约为1.6～2.6dB.     

环境中氡辐射水平及控制措施分析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,居民生活不断提高,对居室进行美化装修既成一种时尚。然而由安装（选用劣质材料）而引发的居室辐射水平超标,特别是氡辐射超标问题,已越来越受到人们的关注。为使人们对辐射环境有一基本认识和了解,作者根据多年从事辐射环境监测的经验,对环境空气中氡的性质、来源、辐射水平、危害及室内氡浓度控制措施作一简单分析介绍。     

承压设备风险分析中失效后果加权模型研究

在分析失效可能性和失效后果具有不同权重的特点的基础上,提出一种失效后果加权的风险计算模型,该模型的等风险曲线很好地描述风险矩阵中的风险等级分布,并很好地解释风险矩阵分布的非对称性。所建立的模型能连续地将风险等级区域划分开来,以数学模型的形式描述不同风险等级的边界线,解决了传统风险等风险线跨越不同风险级别区域的问题。根据失效后果加权模型的风险计算结果,分析失效后果的权重大于失效可能性的权重的特点。     

危险工业设施周边土地利用规划研究

由于工业设施的存在,其周边区域常常受到潜在工业事故的威胁,为了减小这种风险,必须对这些区域进行合理的土地利用规划。借鉴欧洲研究者的研究方法,利用基于后果的风险评价方法确定不同破坏分区的边界,并将不同土地利用类型的脆弱等级引入土地利用规划,结合二者的结果,依据决策矩阵得到规划决策意见。通过将上述方法应用在某拟建的LPG中转站周边区域,以丙烷泄漏引起的沸腾液体蒸气爆炸为例,将风险分析和决策结果显示在地理信息系统上。案例分析表明该设施对周边区域影响较大,需要对其进行重新选址。