Industrial Tailings in Traunsee (Austria) Revisited: The Status of 1999

Alkaline tailings from a salt work and a soda plant have been pumped into the southernmost part of Traunsee at Ebensee for many decades. A survey in 1981 showed an accumulation of more than 3 × 10⁶ m³ alkaline mud in the Bay of Ebensee and the existence of slumping structures and turbidites in the profundal zone of the lake. A new survey of the industrial tailings has been performed in 1999. Compared to the earlier survey, the accumulation in the Bay of Ebensee has grown to >4 × 10⁶ m³, which suggests an average yearly input of 90 000 m³. Slumping structures and turbidites document the unstable situation of the tailings near the waste inlet. The lake area occasionally affected by the turbidity currents in the profundal zone has increased to 19%. Within the central profundal area these tailings reach <1 m in thickness.     

Use of toxicity identification evaluation techniques to identify dredged material disposal options: A proposed approach

It is common to use the results of various solid-phase and aqueous-fraction toxicity tests as part of the decision-making process for selecting disposal options for dredged sediments. The mere presence of toxicity, however, does not provide a logical basis for selecting economical, environmentally protective disposal techniques. To achieve this, it is necessary to be able to identify specific compounds responsible for sediment toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures, originally developed for complex effluents, represent a useful approach for identifying acutely toxic compounds in dredged materials. Herein we present a conceptual overview for TIE use in part of the decision-making framework for selecting dredged material disposal options; included are discussions concerning appropriate test fractions and species for TIE analyses, and specific TIE manipulations useful for ascertaining whether toxicity is due to any of a number of common sediment contaminants including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, metals, or nonpolar organics.     

Distribution of Trace Metals in the Surface Sediments of Two Pristine Subalpine Lakes in Taiwan

Sediment cores were collected from two remote subalpine lakes: the rather shallow (1.5 m) Little Ghost Lake at 2040 m elevation and the deeper, Great Ghost Lake (40 m) at 2150 m elevation. Different early diagenesis of metals were observed. the seasonally anoxic hypolimnion drives the annual iron redox cycle and causes the remobilization of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments in the Great Ghost Lake. These result in the redistribution of metals in the mobile fractions of sediment and poor correlation between metal concentrations. in the Little Ghost Lake, the shallow water column is always oxic with less change of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments. As a result, most metals have strong positive correlations with each other.

The distributions of metal/Al ratios, total metal contents and acid-leached metal concentrations in the near-surface sediments of these two lakes suggest that the anthropogenic inputs from the atmospheric fallouts in recent decades are one of the major factors affecting the distributions of metals such as cadmium, lead and, to a lessor extent, zinc. the Pb-206/Pb-207 ratios confirm the anthropogenic lead input in these surface sediments.     

GROWTH INHIBITION OF HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA BY SELECTED LAKE SEDIMENT EXTRACTS1

ABSTRACT: Sediments were investigated from two Florida lakes that have not been infested with the submersed, perennial, noxious plant Hydrilla verticillata. Aqueous extracts of the peat-like sediments from these lakes were shown to inhibit the growth of Hydrilla verticillata in laboratory systems. The extracts have substantial concentrations of organic carbon and iron. The apparent molecular weight of the inhibitory fraction is between 2,000 and 10,000, based upon ultrafiltration studies. Hydrilla growth was about 35 percent relative to control for a partially purified fraction at a level of 0.4 ppm organic carbon. Growth was measured as change in biomass (wet and dry) over a one-week period. The inhibitory material was highly fluorescent, dark brown, and inhibitory activity was lost after passage over an anion-exchange column (Cellex-D).     

PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATION - DISCHARGE CYCLES IN MARSHES1

ABSTRACT: Artificial and natural marshes were studied to determine changes in quality of polluted water passing through them. Phosphorus removal ranged from zero to 64%. Removals in the 35% range were common, however. Much of the phosphorus went into sediments and unharvestable plant parts. Harvesting vegetation removed 6% of the phosphorus put into the system. Accumulation of phosphorus during the growing season was about 20 g*m^?2, much of which was flushed out after the onset of freezing weather. The amount of phosphorus flushed out can be prevented from entering a lake or stream by handling the marsh discharge in one of three ways; irrigate on land, lagoon to recycle later, treat conventionally if facilities are available.     

黄大湖沉积物营养盐分布及来源解析

在黄大湖设置13个采样点,采集表层及柱状沉积物样品,对沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)浓度进行测定,分析黄大湖沉积物营养盐的空间及垂直分布,研究黄大湖沉积物营养盐来源,并对沉积物污染程度进行评价。结果表明:黄大湖表层沉积物中TN浓度为1 112~3 277 mg/kg,平均值为2 016 mg/kg;TP浓度为547.19~784.43 mg/kg,平均值为651.84 mg/kg;OM浓度为5.21%~11.21%,平均值为8.6%;TN、TP和OM浓度空间分布较为一致,主要表现为西北部>东南部>湖心中部,浓度垂直变化趋势总体表现为随深度增加而下降;沉积物中TN和OM污染比TP严重,且三者污染程度空间分布与浓度空间分布一致。Pearson相关性分析表明,TN和OM显著正相关,二者具有同源性;TP和OM无显著相关关系,二者同源性较差;沉积物中碳氮比(C/N)平均值为25.43,OM主要来自外源颗粒有机物的输入,柱状沉积物-20 cm以上碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)的增加表明沉积物中营养盐受近年来周边人类活动的影响较大。     

城市纳污河流有色溶解有机物时空演变特征

利用平行因子分析和主成分分析方法,结合紫外吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱技术,研究了典型城市纳污河流-河北洨河水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探讨了水体CDOM与水质指标间关系.结果表明:洨河水体CDOM主要为新近微生物源产生,受人类活动影响较大.CDOM浓度在时间变化上表现为春夏(2、5月)低,而秋冬(8、11月)高,从上游至下游呈现先升高再降低变化特征.荧光鉴别出的4种组分:组分1(类富里酸),组分2(类腐殖酸)及组分3(类胡敏酸)为类腐殖质,组分4为类蛋白物质.不同季节各组分来源及分布存在差异,除夏季外其他季节水体类蛋白与类腐殖质来源相似,尤其与类胡敏酸组分;类蛋白组分在各季节分布变化显著,冬春含量相对较高.洨河水体荧光物质与氨氮、亚硝氮具有共同来源,其中类腐殖质对COD贡献较为明显.采用光谱分析法并结合平行因子、主成分分析及聚类分析方法可识别污染源空间分布,揭示河体CDOM随季节变化规律.     

南水北调对密云水库水位变幅带土壤磷释放量的影响

南水北调来水引起的水位上涨可能会导致密云水库水位变幅带土壤中磷的释放.过量的磷可能会引起水体富营养,因此,研究水库变幅带磷释放风险对密云水库水质安全保障具有科学指导意义.本研究采用连续浸提法测定密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4ClP)、铁磷(BD-P)、铝磷(NaOH-P)及钙磷(HCl-P)等4种不同形态磷含量,探讨其分布特征;并在室内进行了磷释放模拟实验,估算了南水北调来水引起水库水位上升所致的易释放磷的释放量.结果表明,NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P广泛地分布于密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中.在白河、内湖及潮河3个库区,磷形态分布具有一致规律,即HCl-PNaOH-PBD-PNH_4Cl-P.因密云水库变幅带为中国典型的北方碱性土壤,变幅带无机磷主要为钙磷.NH_4Cl-P在3个库区变幅带土壤中含量相差不大,在受水动扰动力影响较小的内湖库区BD-P含量略高于其它2个库区.在3个不同库区中,潜在活性磷NH_4Cl-P和较稳定的NaOH-P在岸上和水陆交界面土壤及水下沉积物中含量相差不大,受氧化还原条件影响较大的BD-P在沉积物中的含量略高于岸上和水陆交界面土壤.磷释放模拟实验及释放量估算结果表明,水库水位上涨3 m的情况下,白河、潮河和内湖库区淹没变幅带土壤分别释放1.02、0.80、0.37 mg·m~(-2)易释放磷.白河和内湖库区变幅带被水淹没土壤中磷释放的风险可能更高,需加强防护.     

黄河(清水河段)沉积物中锰、钴、镍的化学形态研究

建立了黄河(清水河段)沉积物中锰、钴、镍的化学形态分析方法,系统地研究了它们在其有效态中的聚集能力及在各种粒径沉积物中的分布.      

长江中下游稀土元素的水环境地球化学特征

采用中子活化分析技术同步研究了稀土元素在长江干流中下游水体各要素中的含量分布及其赋存形态。结果表明，稀土元素在河水中以悬浮态为主，溶解态含量极微。溶解态在中下游各河段呈均匀分布，与不同地带的河流也基本一致。而悬浮态含量较高，变幅较大。各河段的悬浮物或沉积物中稀土元素含量相近，悬浮物与沉积物中相应各稀土元素含量也基本一致。各河段悬浮物与沉积物的稀土元素分布模式均为轻稀土富集、铕亏损型，各稀土元素赋存形态特征相似，均以结晶态为主，各形态所占比例的排序均为结晶态》有机结合态、铁锰氧化物态＞碳酸盐结合态＞＞可交换态。各稀土元素相对比较，中稀土元素Ｅｕ、Ｓｍ、Ｔｂ的结晶态较轻、重稀土的结晶态所占比例低、而其它态相反。