山东省环境应急演练污染标示物释放实验

山东省环境应急演练要求投放污染标示物进行真实性监测。为了保证演练顺利开展,选择三氯化铁作为污染标示物,在胜利河郭家桥—四马桥11.34 km河段进行了释放实验。实验结果证明三氯化铁做标示物是可行的,并对三氯化铁的释放流量、演练需用量和河段的沉降系数进行了确定。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

Methyl chloride emissions from halophyte leaf litter: dependence on temperature and chloride content

Methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) is the most abundant natural chlorine containing compound in the atmosphere, and responsible for a significant fraction of stratospheric ozone destruction. Understanding the global CH₃Cl budget is therefore of great importance. However, the strength of the individual sources and sinks is still uncertain. Leaf litter is a potentially important source of methyl chloride, but factors controlling the emissions are unclear. This study investigated CH₃Cl emissions from leaf litter of twelve halophyte species. The emissions were not due to biological activity, and emission rates varied between halophyte species up to two orders of magnitude. For all species, the CH₃Cl emission rates increased with temperature following the Arrhenius relation. Activation energies were similar for all investigated plant species, indicating that even though emissions vary largely between plant species, their response to changing temperatures is similar. The chloride and methoxyl group contents of the leaf litter samples were determined, but those parameters were not significantly correlated to the CH₃Cl emission rate.     

长链季铵盐的絮凝性能

采用FTIR技术对自制的长链季铵盐絮凝剂环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵进行了表征,研究了该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效果,考察了絮凝剂加入量、溶液pH和絮凝时间对絮凝率的影响;并与常用絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果进行了对比。表征结果显示,合成的目标产物为环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵。实验结果表明：在絮凝剂加入量8 mg/L、溶液pH 9、絮凝时间50 min的条件下,絮凝率达到84.84%;在相同絮凝剂加入量的条件下,环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵的絮凝效果优于聚丙烯酰胺。     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理,研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响,并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min,盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高,气体有机物的产生速率越快,相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段,初始阶段有机物气化速率较小,中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加,最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时,会发生一定的化学反应,有微量的新物质生成。     

电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的汞污染防治

结合我国电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的发展现状,提出了采用低汞触媒替代高汞触媒以降低汞消耗、开发高效除汞器以提高脱汞效率、深度解吸废盐酸以解决汞转移问题、深度处理含汞废水以实现综合利用、优化工艺控制以降低汞触媒消耗、改善防护措施以减轻汞扩散等汞污染防治工作的要点。     

序批式工艺制备生物聚合硫酸铁混凝剂

本实验研究了序批式工艺(SBR)制备生物聚合铁混凝剂过程中主要影响因素(接种微生物浓度、起始亚铁离子浓度)对亚铁离子氧化速率的影响。研究结果显示,在受试实验条件内,较高的接种微生物浓度和较低的起始Fe2+浓度有利于Fe2+氧化,Fe2+浓度变化与反应时间呈线性关系;当起始Fe2+浓度为20 g/L,接种细菌浓度约为8×108个/mL时,Fe2+氧化速率最大,最大值可达到0.375 g/(L.h)。在反应过程中生成了少量黄色沉淀,经傅里叶变换红外光谱分析后确定其主要成分为黄钾铁矾。合成的生物聚合硫酸铁经过干化后各项指标均符合《水处理剂聚合硫酸铁》(GB 14591-2006)之规定。对比实验表明,自制生物聚合硫酸铁海水混凝时性能优于实验所选品牌的商业产品。     

不同形态铁盐的除磷效果

研究不同铁盐存在形态的铁盐类混凝剂,即三氯化铁(离子态铁)、聚合氯化铁(聚合态铁)和氢氧化铁(凝胶态铁),在混凝除磷性能方面的差异。以城市污水厂的二级出水为实验水样,进行混凝除磷性能研究。结果表明,二级出水总磷为1.74 mg/L,离子态铁投加量为40 mg/L时,对总磷的去除率为90%,混凝处理后上清液总磷可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级A标准,聚合态铁对总磷的去除率为62%,凝胶态氢氧化铁的总磷去除率为59%,混凝处理后上清液总磷均不能满足GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。离子态氯化铁对污水厂二级出水的除磷效果优于聚合态,即铁离子的聚合形态会影响其除磷效果。     

循环流化床灰制备聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂

以煤矸石电厂循环流化床灰(CFB灰)为原料,采用酸浸、水解、聚合和熟化等工艺过程,制备聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)絮凝剂产品。重点对制备PAFC絮凝剂的酸浸工艺参数进行研究,其最佳工艺条件为:盐酸浓度为20.2%、酸浸温度为110℃、酸浸时间为2 h、液固比为4∶1;Fe2O3浸出率为90.6%,Al2O3的浸出率为48.5%。同时采用实验得出的最优工艺参数进行了产品制备,并对产品进行了絮凝性能实验。结果表明,在相同条件下PAFC的絮凝效果明显好于聚合氯化铝(PAC),用CFB灰制备PAFC絮凝剂产品是可行的。     

聚丙烯酸水凝胶对氯化-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附热力学和动力学研究

通过水溶液聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸水凝胶（polyacrylic acid,PAA）,研究了溶液酸碱度和温度对聚丙烯酸水凝胶吸附氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的影响。结果表明,水凝胶对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附量随溶液pH值增大而逐渐增大,pH=2～4时增幅明显,而pH大于4时变化趋于缓慢;随温度的升高而逐渐降低。该等温吸附行为基本符合Langmuir吸附等温式,由二级吸附动力学模型获得的吸附过程活化能（Ea=52.470 kJ/mol）可以看出,PAA对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑的吸附属于化学吸附范畴。