固定化Lysinibacilluscresolivorans的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体制备及间甲酚的降解

针对生物降解过程容易受到外界不利环境影响及低浓度下动力学效率不高的问题,制备了具有吸附功能的微生物固定化载体并研究了对间甲酚的降解.在聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)固定化载体中加入海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)、聚羟基丁酸酯(poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)和粉末活性炭(activated carbon,AC),采用循环冷冻-解冻结合硼酸法制备了具吸附功能的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体,并用其包埋固定化1株间甲酚优势降解菌Lysinibacillus cresolivorans,考察了载体微观结构、稳定性及扩散性对固定化微生物降解间甲酚的影响.结果表明,PVA-SA-PHB-AC载体比表面积和平均孔径分别为15.30m2.g-1和33.68 nm,对间甲酚的吸附容量和扩散系数分别为3.86 mg.g-1和5.62×10-8m2.min-1,可稳定使用60 d以上;固定化L.cresolivorans的间甲酚去除为吸附-降解的耦合,去除速率由载体传质速率与微生物降解速率共同决定,间甲酚浓度低于350 mg.L-1时,载体传质速率小于微生物降解速率,间甲酚去除速率由传质速率决定,浓度高于380 mg.L-1时相反;添加了吸附剂的载体扩散系数会减小,但能耐受更高的底物浓度,且在更宽的浓度范围可以实现高效的降解作用.间甲酚的降解规律及其差异性显示出经吸附功能改性的载体因传质作用的加强而实现反应动力学的提高,并且存在一个合理的浓度区间.     

植物对PFAS的富集机制研究进展

本文通过文献梳理,分析了全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFAS)对植物的暴露途径;统计了已发表文献中36种植物对19种PFAS的转运、富集特征;系统地阐释了PFAS从环境介质到植物组织内的迁移、积累机制;讨论了PFAS分子结构(如全氟碳链长度、头部官能团)、植物生理特性、环境因素对该富集过程的影响,并提出了未来有关植物富集PFAS可关注的重点和方向,以期能深入认识PFAS在环境介质-植物根际-植物组织内的赋存与迁移转化特征,更好地管控评估PFAS污染场地并制定植物修复方案,为开展生态与健康风险评价提供参考。     

Degradation of β–cyfluthrin insecticide by goat intestinal esterase

Esterase enzyme was isolated from goat intestine and partially purified to explore whether it can degrade β-cyfluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. The products of the reaction were identified in order to propose its path of degradation to innocuous non-toxic compounds. This is the first report for testing the suitability of such esterase enzyme for degrading a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide.     

The effects of developmental lead (Pb) exposure on the expression of the CTGF and TGF-β1 in hippocampus of pups

Pregnant mice were exposed to control (0%), low (0.1%), moderate (0.5%), and high (1%) lead (Pb) acetate in deionized drinking water from the first day of gestation to postnatal day (PND) 21. Pb concentration was determined in blood and the hippocampus at the 7th, 14th, or 21st day of neonatal mice pups. The expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein was also measured in the hippocampus using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. The expression of CTGF and TGF-β1 mRNA was up-regulated in hippocampus in Pb-exposed groups. These results were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining. Data suggest that CTGF and TGF-β1 genes are differentially regulated and are affected by Pb.     

Application of an inclusion complex for determination of dithianon residues in water and fruits

A 3,3′-benzidine/β-cyclodextrin fluorescence derivative (BCDFD) was prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis and ¹H NMR. An inclusion complex was formed between BCDFD and the pesticide dithianon based on the internal cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and the binding constant (K_S ) of the inclusion complex was investigated. The inclusion complex could be applied for the determination of dithianon residues. Based on this, a sensitive method for the determination of dithianon was established. The linear dynamic range was from 0.63 to 12.5?mg?L^?1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927. The limit of detection for an aqueous solution of standard and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 10.6?µg?L^?1 and 0.76%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of dithianon residues in water and fruit samples with satisfactory results, and recoveries in the range of 96.0–108% were obtained. The method is rapid, direct, economical, and sensitive for dithianon analysis.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对THP-1细胞IL-1β和MMP-8表达及ROS的影响

为探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯((DEHP)的细胞免疫毒性作用与机制,采用RT-PCR和ELISA方法,考察了0.05～1μmol·L-1浓度范围内的DEHP对THP-1细胞白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及基质金属蛋白酶-8(MMP-8)基因和蛋白表达的影响;采用免疫印迹WesternBlot方法检测DE-HP对ERK1/2磷酸化水平的影响;以2,'7-'二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)为荧光探针检测1～50μmol·L-1DEHP对细胞内活性氧(ROS)产生的影响。结果显示,0.05和0.2μmol·L-1DEHP在6h内显著诱导IL-1β和MMP-8基因表达(P<0.05或0.01);0.05～1μmol·L-1DEHP刺激细胞48h,可诱导IL-1β蛋白表达,并表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,线性拟合的确定系数为0.937;0.05μmol·L-1DEHP刺激细胞6或12h,显著诱导MMP-8蛋白表达(P<0.05);0.2μmol·L-1DEHP在15～30min内快速诱导ERK1/2磷酸化;1～50μmol·L-1DEHP浓度依赖性刺激细胞中ROS的产生;ERK/MAPK抑制剂PD98059显著抑制DEHP诱导的MMP-8分泌,但对IL-1β分泌未表现出抑制作用。研究表明,DEHP可能是经ERK/MAPK信号路径诱导MMP-8基因和蛋白的表达,经其他路径诱导IL-1β基因和蛋白的表达,诱导细胞内ROS的产生,从而激发炎症反应,进而损害免疫系统功能引发哮喘等炎症性疾病。此研究结果可为DEHP的暴露风险评估提供参考。     

黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶学特性

采用DNS法研究了我国广泛分布的一种低等木食性白蚁——黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶活特性以了解其纤维素降解机制.结果表明,内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)这3种酶的最佳反应时间均为15 min,最佳底物浓度为1%,最适反应pH为5.6,最适反应温度为35℃.在最适反应条件下,EG、CBH和BG的活性分别达到71.3(±13.9)U/mg、5.8(±0.8)U/mg和4.1(±0.7)U/mg.EG在体外的热稳定性较差,在50℃及更高温度酶活很低或完全失活,但该酶对pH稳定性较好,在pH 3.2～8.0范围内酶活力变化不大.Native-PAGE电泳检测到该白蚁体内至少有8种不同的EG活性条带,肠道不同部位纤维素酶活性条带种类不同.这些研究表明,木食性白蚁降解纤维素是一个复杂的过程,需要多种纤维素酶的共同作用.     

UV体系中3种微量类固醇雌激素的竞争降解及同趋转化

采用UV体系(UV、UV/H2O2和UV/H2O2/TiO2)降解水中同时存在的3种微量类固醇雌激素雌酮(E1)、17-β雌二醇(E2)和17-α乙炔基雌二醇(EE2),结果表明,降解过程均符合一级反应动力学,通过不同UV系统对比发现,关键因素对混合污染降解的影响顺序为H2O2>光强>TiO2.E1光解特性良好,在混合基质中可优势降解;E2和EE2直接光解效果较差,优劣顺序受到光强的影响,光强升高EE2略占优势.H2O2和催化剂TiO2的投加可提高3种物质的降解效果及降解速率常数,但竞争条件下E2和EE2的去除率提高有限.E1,E2和EE2的光化学降解过程具有相似的转化趋势,均可生成与E1结构类似的副产物.     

Characterization of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase fromaureobacterium saperdae: Active site and kinetics of hydrolysis studies

An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified fromAureobacterium saperdae cultural medium by using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The isolated enzyme was composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 42.7 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and by native gel filtration on TSK-HW-55S. The enzyme was not a glycoprotein. Its optimum activity occurred at pH 8.0 and it showed a broad pH stability, ranging from pH 3 to pH 11.N-Bromosuccinamide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide completely inactivated the enzyme, suggesting the involvement of tryptophan residues at the active site of the protein. The enzyme was very sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate and diazo-dl-norleucine methyl ester, showing the importance of serine and carboxyl groups. The modification of cysteine residues byp-hydroxy mercuricbenzoate did not cause a loss of activity, whereas dithiothreitol rapidly inactivated the enzyme, revealing the presence of disulfide bonds.A saperdae depolymerase acted on the surface layer of PHB films and the degradation proceeded by surface erosion releasing monomers and dimers of 3-hydroxybutric acid. The degradation of PHB films byA. saperdae depolymerase was partially inhibited in the presence of excess amounts of enzyme. This phenomenon, already observed by Mukaiet al. with poly(hydroxyalkanoates) depolymerases fromAlcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas pickettii, andComamonas testosteroni, was analyzed according to the kinetic model proposed by these authors. The experimental data evidenced a general agreement with the kinetic model, although higher initial degradation rates were found withA. saperdae depolymerase.