影响微生物絮凝剂生成的条件研究

从污水中筛选到了一株絮凝活性较好的絮凝剂产生菌 ,分别研究了碳源、氮源、供氧量、培养温度等条件对其产絮凝剂的影响。结果表明 ,葡萄糖、淀粉是较好的碳源 ,蛋白胨等有机氮作氮源较好 ,供氧量较大有利于产絮凝剂 ,最适宜培养温度为 30℃ ,最佳pH为 6 .5～ 7.5。     

污水处理厂不同工艺的污泥脱水效能分析及其影响因素研究

污泥脱水是污泥减量的主要手段,直接影响到后续污泥处理处置.本研究以北京某大型污水处理厂A2/O工艺和A2/O-MBR工艺污泥脱水为对象,基于2013年全年的运行数据,分析不同工艺的污泥脱水效果、絮凝剂投配率、污泥脱水电耗和污泥脱水成本,并通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了不同污水处理工艺污泥脱水性能的影响因素.结果表明,污泥脱水性能和絮凝剂投配率均呈现季节性变化特征,冬季污泥较难脱水,絮凝剂消耗大.A2/O-MBR工艺的脱水污泥含水率年均值为(81.92±1.64)%,A2/O工艺为(82.56±1.35)%,污泥脱水絮凝剂消耗(以DS计,下同)分别为(8.70±7.25)kg·t-1和(7.42±2.96)kg·t-1,电耗(以DS计,下同)分别为331.82 k W·h·t-1和121.57 k W·h·t-1.A2/O-MBR工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本(以DS计,下同)为204.76元·t-1,用电成本为231.61元·t-1;A2/O工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本为175.00元·t-1,用电成本为84.86元·t-1.RDA分析表明,水温等季节性因素引起污泥有机质变化是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素之一,此外,污泥龄也与污泥脱水性能有一定相关性.     

外源Cl-添加对不同母质土壤溶液Cd2+浓度的影响

土壤镉(Cd)的环境行为与其在土壤溶液中的存在形态以及陪伴离子有关,然而外源Cl~-与土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的关系以及不同母质土壤对Cd~(2+)的环境行为的影响并没有明确的结论.选取2种水稻土(第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红黄泥、紫色砂页岩母质发育的紫泥田)为研究对象,添加离子态外源Cd~(2+)(0、1、2.5、5 mg·kg~(-1)),平衡老化后添加外源Cl~-(0、0.6、1.2 mg·kg~(-1)),在保持水分恒定的情况下进行模拟培养试验,研究外源Cl~-添加对土壤溶液Cd~(2+)浓度的影响.结果表明,随着外源Cd~(2+)的增加,土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度提高,红黄泥土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度显著高于紫泥田;添加Cl~-会使土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)浓度升高,且Cd~(2+)浓度与外源Cl~-呈显著正相关,红黄泥和紫泥田土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的平均浓度比不添加Cl~-时Cd~(2+)的平均浓度分别增加了12.74%、51.49%;土壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附关系符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,紫泥田对Cd~(2+)的吸附量显著高于红黄泥,添加Cl~-对红黄泥Cd~(2+)的吸附影响很小,而对紫泥田的影响显著.Cl~-存在下,红黄泥和紫泥田的解吸率分别为12.50%～19.25%、14.76%～24.99%,外源Cl~-添加对Cd~(2+)解吸影响小.综合分析认为,Cl~-对不同土壤Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸行为影响有较大的差异.     

玉米秸秆生物炭改善污泥脱水性能

本实验以玉米秸秆为原料,制备了生物炭和AlCl₃改性生物炭,研究了2种生物炭分别调理污泥后的脱水效果,并探讨了污泥脱水性能的改善机理.结果表明,经过2种生物炭调理后,污泥比阻（SRF）、泥饼含水率（MC）、污泥沉降体积指数（SV₃₀）、毛细抽吸时间（CST）均下降,污泥净产率（Y_N）升高,说明污泥脱水性能得到了改善,且AlCl₃改性生物炭对污泥脱水性能的改善效果明显优于生物炭.当AlCl₃（溶液浓度3mol/L）改性生物炭的用量为3g/L时,调理后的污泥SRF,MC,SV₃₀,CST分别降低至1.3×10¹²m/kg,81.9%,78.6%,35s,Y_N增加至17.8kg/（m²·h）.分析原因：一方面,经过生物炭调理后,泥饼中会形成一定的骨架结构,使得污泥中的水和EPS能够更容易地释放;另一方面,经过AlCl₃改性后,改性生物炭携带的正电荷（Al³⁺）能够与污泥颗粒所带的负电荷发生电中和作用,使得污泥颗粒更容易聚集,从而提高污泥的脱水效果.     

氯化铁絮凝-直接过滤工艺对地下水中As(Ⅴ)的去除机制研究

为探明氯化铁(Fe Cl3)絮凝-直接过滤工艺对地下水中砷(As)的去除过程及机制,分别进行了批吸附实验、现场絮凝-直接过滤实验、扩展X射线精细结构光谱(EXAFS)及电荷分布多位络合(CD-MUSIC)模拟.采集的地下水样品As主要为五价[As(Ⅴ)],浓度为40μg·L-1.现场柱实验直接过滤工艺中Fe投加量为1.5 mg·L-1,出水As(Ⅴ)浓度均低于10μg·L-1,92 h内可提供64 984 L安全饮用水.固体废物毒性浸出实验表明泥饼浸出液中As浓度为3.4μg·L-1,远低于美国环保署限定值(5 mg·L-1).EXAFS和CD-MUSIC模拟表明Fe Cl3絮凝去除地下水中As(Ⅴ)存在两种机制:在p H 3~9.5范围内,As(Ⅴ)主要以双齿双核吸附在氢氧化铁上;p H9.5时,As(Ⅴ)主要与Ca2+和Mg2+形成沉淀而去除.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.     

Genotoxicity of chromium in vitro on yeast: Interaction with DNA†

The genotoxicity of chromium chloride was investigated in cells of D₇ strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae harvested either from logarithmic or stationary growth phase.

A weak induction of mifotic gene conversion and point reverse mutation was obtained when the incubations were performed using phosphate buffer. No genetic effect was observed when the incubations were performed using Tris‐HCl buffer.

The experiments with ⁵¹Cr radiotracer demonstrated that Cr³⁺ ion enters the yeast cells and binds to DNA even if the incubation mixture was performed with Tris HCl buffer. This behaviour could be due to the highest concentration of CrCl₃ that cause some damages to cytoplasmatic membrane.     

Enhancement of UV and chromate mutagenesis by nickel ions in the Chinese hamster HGPRT Assay †

1. The HGPRT (Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phospho‐Ribosyl‐Transferase) assay with Chinese Hamster V79 cells was used to measure the mutagenic effects of UV irradiation, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride. The agents were tested separately and in the combinations of UV plus nickel and dichromate plus nickel.

2. UV, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were confirmed to be mutagenic in the V79 cell assay. The combination of UV(5J/m²) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) caused a mutation rate 11.2 times above that corresponding to the sum of the individual mutation rates of these agents. The combined action of Cr(VI) (0.1 mM) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) produced a mutation rate 2.8 fold above that corresponding to the sum of the individual rates of the separate agents.

3. The enhancing effect of nickel chloride on the mutagenicity of UV or Cr(VI) is interpreted by an interference of Ni(II) with the repair of DNA lesions.     

Thermodynamic investigation of the effect of oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential upon generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins

The thermodynamic equilibrium of the C‐H‐O‐Cl system has been calculated to elucidate the generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins, and is discussed from the viewpoint of the oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential. The dioxins behavior is greatly dependent on the oxygen potential, i.e. higher temperature and oxygen potential lead to the complete decomposition of dioxins, while low hydrogen chloride potential under insufficient oxygen condition leads to an increase of multi‐chlorine displacement of dioxins.     

Changing nutrient levels in Lake Maurepas following human population shifts in response to Hurricane Katrina

Following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, as many as 57% of residents in some parishes in the Lower Lake Pontchartrain Basin were displaced from their homes. Concurrently, the population in the Upper Lake Pontchartrain Basin, which drains into Lake Maurepas, increased by 62,000 residents, leading to increased residential and urban land use. These changes led to significant increases in phosphate and silicate concentrations in Lake Maurepas that are likely caused by non-point source pollution through erosion from new construction sites, fertilisation of new lawns and stress to existing wastewater treatment facilities. Average phosphate concentrations at three sites in Lake Maurepas increased by 76–205% and silicate levels increased by 60–83% compared with data collected in 2003 prior to the hurricane. Discharge-weighted averages increased even more dramatically, with phosphate and silicate concentrations increasing up to 161 and 394%, respectively. Discharge-weighted silicate and phosphate concentrations were 2.5 and 3.4 times greater than in 2003, respectively. Discharge-weighted silicate levels were 3.9 times greater than similar measurements from 1963. These large increases in nutrient and discharge-weighted nutrient concentrations are indicative of increased human population in the Upper Lake Pontchartrain Basin following Hurricane Katrina.