东营市孤岛地区土壤中类二噁英类PCBs的污染特征

2011年4月采集了东营市孤岛地区20个表层土壤样品,采用索氏提取-弗罗里土柱净化-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测的方法对采集的样品进行测定,揭示了该地区表层土壤中类二英类PCBs(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls,DL-PCBs)的污染特征.结果表明,DL-PCBs的含量范围为1.4～7.4μg·kg-1,平均含量为(3.5±1.7)μg·kg-1;DL-PCBs的毒性当量为1.2～31.8 ng·kg-1,平均值为5.4 ng·kg-1,超过了加拿大土壤环境质量标准(4.0 ng·kg-1).各采样点间DL-PCBs的同系物组成相似,均以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,两者之和超过DL-PCBs总量的80%;从孤岛城镇到郊区,DL-PCBs的含量逐渐降低,这与许多化工厂分布在城镇周围有关.相关性分析显示,土壤中DL-PCBs的含量与土壤有机碳含量与黏粒含量显著正相关(R2分别为0.732和0.687,P<0.01),而与土壤砂粒含量负相关(R2=-0.438,P<0.05).     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定海洋沉积物中多氯联苯残留

样品采用加速溶剂萃取,萃取液依次经复合硅胶和石墨化炭黑柱净化后,采用GC-MS法测定样品中的多氯联苯残留。结果表明,方法检出限为(0.005～0.038)×10-9(湿重),样品加标回收率为68.5%～108.4%,RSD为2.1%～11.8%。本方法具有提取效率高,净化效果好,回收率高,准确灵敏等优点,可应用于海洋沉积物中多氯联苯等持久性有机污染物残留的监测。     

电子废物拆解区农业土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC-μECD分析法测定了路桥表层土壤中144种多氯联苯同类物的含量.目的是了解该地区表层土壤中PCBs的污染水平、空间分布特征和来源.结果表明,样品中ΣPCBs为0.779～937 ng.g-1,均值为75.7 ng.g-1,研究区域中南部污染水平较高.同族体组成特征表明,38个样品组成以penta-CBs、hexa-CBs和tetra-CBs为主,含量范围分别为13.0%～61.1%、4.59%～48.8%和10.1%～31.5%;另外3个样品组成以di-CBs为主,范围为47.1%～75.2%.聚类分析表明,大多数样品主要受到Ar1254工业品的污染,少数样品的污染与Ar1221工业品有关.ΣPCBs与TOC显著相关,表明土壤中TOC的含量是影响PCBs在土壤中蓄积的重要因素之一;各PCBs同族体(除di-CBs与nona-CBs之间外)显著相关,表明各PCBs同族体有相似的输入途径.与国内外其它研究相比,研究区域表层土壤PCBs污染处于中高水平.     

变压器油中多氯联苯的测定

着重研究变压器油中多氯联苯(PCBs)测定的样品前处理技术,确定了变压器油中PCBs分离的最佳条件,并应用GC/ECD测定PCBs总量.回收率在86％-110％之间,变异系数1％-3％.此外,采用GC/MS联用方法对变压器油中PCBs进行了定性分析.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

三亚河沉积物PAHs和PCBs的分布、来源及风险评价

多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)具有"三致"特性和生物累积效应,作为两类典型持久性有机污染物,是环境领域的研究热点之一.本研究考察了三亚河底泥沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的含量分布和污染状况,在对其进行空间污染分布分析的基础上进行来源解析,并采用沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法进行生态风险评价.结果 表明,沉积物中...     

浅谈串联四极杆质谱（GC—QqQ-MS／MS）在土壤样品有机污染物分析中的应用

建立了ASE-GPC—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯以及MAE-SPE—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯定量限在0．02～2．81μg／kg之间,有机氯农药和多氯联苯定量限在0．01～0．51μg/kg之间。样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯的平均回收率在66．6％～122．1％之间,相对标准偏差均小于20％;有机氯农药和多氯联苯平均回收率在79．6％～93．2％之间,相对标准偏差均小于15％。     

几种可利用多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚植物内生菌的分离及初步鉴定

采用PDA、NA以及高氏一号培养基,分别从毛白杨、绦柳、荻以及二穗短柄草植株内分离、纯化出37株内生菌,其中34株为细菌,3株为放线菌.以分离纯化得到菌株各自对应的营养培养基并添加不同浓度的污染物对获得的37株内生菌进行污染物的耐受筛选,发现24株分别对20 mg·L-1的aroclor1254和BDE209具有一定的耐受性.利用无机盐培养基并添加污染物作为微生物唯一碳源筛选,发现菌株CPY-4和菌株SGL-1可以在只提供4-BDE的无机盐培养基中存活,菌株CPY-4,SGL-1、菌株4、菌株13可以在提供BDE209和aroclor1254的无机盐培养基中存活.形态学观察和16Sr DNA序列同源性分析,初步确定菌株SGL-1为克雷伯氏菌属,菌株CPY-4为地衣芽胞杆菌,菌株4和菌株13为肠杆菌属.     

Dechlorination of 2,2＇,4,4＇,5,5＇-hexachlorobiphenyl by thermal reaction with activated carbon-supported copper or zinc

Activated carbon （AC）-supported copper or zinc made from ion exchange resin （IRCu-C and IRZn-C） have an increased metal load of 557.3 mg·g^-1 and 502.8 mg·g^-1 compared to those prepared by the traditional method involving impregnation with AC and copper （II） citrate or zinc citrate solution （LaCu-C and LaZn-C） of 12.9 mg·g^-1 and 46.0 mg·g^-1 respectively. When applied to decompose 2,2＇,4,4＇,5,5＇-hexachlorobiphenyl at 250 ℃, IRCu-C achieved higher activity of 99.0% decomposition efficiency than LaCu-C of 84.7%, IRZn-C of 90.5% and LaZn-C of 62.7%. When the reaction temperature rose to 350 ℃, all the four kinds of reactants can decompose PCB- 153 with efficiency above 90%. Further, X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy characterization of IRCu-C before and after the reaction indicated transformation of 19.1% of Cu atoms into Cu^2＋, illustrating that Cu is the active ingredient or electron donor promoting the decomposition of PCB- 153. The mechanism underlying this process differs from a traditional H donor. However, there is no significant change on the surface of IRZn-C before and after the reaction, suggesting that Zn acts as catalyst during the process of PCB-153 decomposition.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)的环境问题与研究进展

对持久性有机污染物(persistentorganicpollutants:POPs)的定义、来源和特征进行了介绍。阐述了POPs对环境安全性构成威胁的原因。分析了持久性有机污染物,特别是12类优先控制的"dirtydozen"的环境污染状况,并分析了这些物质在全球大气、水体和土壤中存在的量和来源。这些物质在不同生物体内的浓度存在差异,反映出它们在食物链上的生物累积和放大,也加剧了对环境和人体的毒害作用。总结回顾了有关POPs的相关基础研究,并对将来继续深入研究和对环境监测的指导意义进行了展望。