蚯蚓对植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响

石油使用量的增大导致石油污染量的增加.为经济有效地修复低污染浓度的石油烃污染土壤,了解蚯蚓对植物去除土壤石油烃的影响,探讨蚯蚓对土壤石油烃污染的修复效应,通过人工制备石油烃污染土壤,采用植物[紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）、凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina L.）、西伯利亚鸢尾（Iris sibirica L.）]以及植物-蚯蚓[赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetda）]两种处理模式进行60 d的盆栽试验,通过测定土壤中w（石油烃）、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化来解析蚯蚓对植物修复土壤石油烃效率的影响.结果表明:相同处理条件下,凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃去除率分别为36.32%、32.70%、29.82%,凤仙花的土壤修复效果最佳.添加蚯蚓后,对应凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为40.73%、36.10%、32.80%,显著高于未添加蚯蚓土壤,表明添加蚯蚓能够促进植物对土壤中石油烃的修复效果.土壤修复过程中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性总体呈上升趋势,添加蚯蚓对土壤酶活性具有刺激作用.土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均与w（石油烃）呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.79和-0.90,P均小于0.05）,说明土壤中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶可能参与了土壤中石油烃的降解过程.研究显示,蚯蚓能够强化植物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,为植物/蚯蚓联合修复石油污染土壤提供了技术依据.      

松花湖表层沉积物中PAHs及PAEs污染特征

松花湖是吉林省面积最大的湖泊和重要水源地,具有防洪排涝、灌溉供水、航运旅游等重要功能.为探究松花湖中PAHs（多环芳烃）和PAEs（邻苯二甲酸酯）的主要污染来源及生物毒性风险,于2017年7月采集松花湖21个表层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试16种US EPA（美国环境保护局）优先控制PAHs和6种PAEs的质量分数,并通过统计学方法对调查结果进行分析.结果表明:①松花湖沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）范围为23.1~554.8 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为172.9和123.2 ng/g,w（∑₁₆PAHs）高值分布在漂河镇和丰满乡附近湖区,主要来源于石油燃烧污染,贡献率为57.9%,其次为煤及生物质燃烧污染、石油泄露污染,贡献率分别为21.1%、21.0%.②松花湖沉积物中w（∑₆PAEs）范围为33.7~2 062.3 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为240.4和72.7 ng/g,主要成分为DBP（邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯）和DEHP（邻酞酸二辛酯）,w（∑₆PAEs）高值分布在旺起镇附近湖区,其来源主要与城镇生活污染输入有关.③松花湖沉积物中PAHs、PAEs污染生态风险较低,只有部分采样点存在低度潜在生态风险,但旺起镇附近湖区沉积物中的w（DBP）已经临近ERL（效应区间低值）,需加以关注.研究显示,松花湖PAHs、PAEs污染程度较低,为加强松花湖饮用水源地保护,应着重加强交通燃油污染源的风险防控,同时在乡镇附近湖区应加强燃煤和生活污染源的监管力度.      

银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为研究银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布、来源与生态风险,采集丰水期和枯水期15个湿地水样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定水样中16种PAHs的质量浓度,分析了丰水期和枯水期中PAHs的组成,分别运用主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分解模型对水样中的PAHs进行来源解析,并根据忽略浓度(NCs)及最大允许浓度(MPCs)通过风险熵值法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①枯水期15个水样中检测出8种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为1 455. 38～2 538. 84 ng·L-1,丰水期15个水样中检测出12种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为818. 69～1 582. 14 ng·L-1,枯水期PAHs的浓度普遍高于丰水期.与国内外其它水体相比处于中高污染水平.②枯水期PAHs以3环～5环为主,高低环比例不明显,2～3环占比为35. 6%～59. 2%,4～6环占比为40. 8%～59. 7%;丰水期PAHs以4环和5环为主,低高环占比分别为10. 2%～45. 07%、54. 92%～89. 76%,高环较低环占比较高;③利用主成分分析法及正定矩阵因子分解法对丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs的来源进行解析,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为燃烧源及交通污染源.④风险熵值法分析显示银川市湿地水体中枯水期及丰水期的Ba A、Bb F、In P、DBA和Bghi P单体和枯水期的Phe的最高风险浓度风险熵值(RQMPCs)均大于1,可能已经引起一定程度的污染,需引起重视;枯水期表层水中Nap及丰水期表层水中Nap、Ace、Fla、Pyr和Ba P的最低风险浓度风险熵值(RQNCs)均大于1,说明这些单体PAHs可能造成中等程度的污染,需要对PAHs污染加强控制.     

中国沉积物多环芳烃的时空分布及驱动因子

根据2000～2020年中国湖泊、河流和河口沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布,并通过构建结构方程模型和重力模型分析了驱动PAHs时空分布的社会经济因素.结果表明,不同地区沉积物中PAHs含量由高到低依次为：北部沿海>东北>东部沿海>南部沿海>黄河中游>长江中游>西南>西北.南部沿海、长江中游和东部沿海地区高分子量PAHs的比例相对较高,东北、西北、北部沿海和黄河中游地区低环PAHs的比例相对较高.沉积物中PAHs的含量从2000年起逐渐增加,2006年以后逐渐减少,且不同地区沉积物中PAHs含量到达峰值的年份有显著差异.经济发达地区沉积物中PAHs的含量在达到峰值后逐渐下降;发展中地区由于经济发展较快导致污染物积累较快.偏远或欠发达地区PAHs含量逐渐增加,但累积率低于发达地区.城市化和工业化对沉积物中PAHs的影响显著,其中对沉积物中PAHs分布影响最大的因素为经济发展.     

太原市耕地土壤PAHs的含量、分布、源解析与风险评价

为研究太原市耕地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、空间分布特征、来源与健康风险,采集了太原市22个耕地土壤样本,通过GC-MS分析土壤中PAHs的含量,使用诊断比率法与正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型分析土壤PAHs的来源,使用增量终生致癌风险模型分析土壤的健康风险.结果表明,太原市耕地土壤(干重)中∑₂₁PAHs和∑₁₆PAHs含量平均值分别为934.6 ng·g^-1和787.7 ng·g^-1,土壤中PAHs含量低于GB 15168-2018规定的农用地土壤污染风险筛选值.工业区、丘陵区和污灌区分别有约60%、 13%和33%的样点的PAHs含量超过了1 000 ng·g^-1.空间分布显示耕地土壤PAHs含量高的区域集中在工业区;诊断比率显示煤炭和生物质燃烧与交通排放是太原市耕地土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源;PMF模型模拟结果表明,耕地土壤中PAHs的来源和贡献率为煤炭和生物质燃烧源(59%)、交通源(22%)和炼焦源(19%).风险评价结果表明太原市耕地土壤普遍具有高致癌风险...     

PCDD/PCDF,chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas

Four samples of Chinese tea (two green teas, and two brick teas) were analyzed for their concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), chlorinated pesticides and PAH. The infusions prepared from these teas were also analyzed for PCDD/PCDF. The levels of DDT and its metabolites in tea leaves were within the safety limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Rather high levels of total PAH were obtained in brick tea (1048–1162 mg/kg), when compared with green tea (497–517 mg/kg). In terms of PCDD/PCDF, the concentrations of green tea and brick tea differed by a factor of 16, while the concentrations of all infusions were within a factor of 2. The dioxin concentrations in green tea leaves can be explained through uptake of atmospheric PCDD/PCDF. The higher concentrations in the brick tea leaves are due the longer exposure time, and to certain extent, the use of old leaves, branches and roots when making the tea, and additional components such as soil particulates through contamination. Certain Chinese populations drinking a large amount of brick tea (>3 l per day) indicated that individuals of these populations consume more tea than Europeans or North Americans result in a comparably higher intake of PCDD/PCDF. Tea consumption can attribute to up to 10% of the TDI recommended by WHO (only PCDD/PCDF considered, no PCB analyzed).     

Practical applications of the fenton reaction to the removal of chlorinated aromatic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Chlorophenols (CPs) constitute a group of organic pollutants that are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities, such as uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides, and as byproducts in the paper pulp bleaching. Promising removal technologies of chlorinated aromatics consist in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can provide an almost total degradation of a variety of contaminants. Among these, wide application find Fenton systems based on generation of reactive species having a high oxidizing power, such as hydroxyl radical HO*. Our objective was that of determining the overall degradation efficiency of the model compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by thermal Fenton-type oxidation systems with a view toward defining in more details relevant process parameters, the effect of reaction temperature and of co-catalyst Cu2+. METHODS: Reaction conditions were similar to those generally adopted as optimal in many practical applications, i.e. pollutant/Fe2+ (as FeSO4) ratio ca. 20, Fe2+/Cu2+ (co-catalyst) 2:1, pH adjusted and controlled at pH 3, and H2O2 in excess (up to four-fold over the stoichiometric amount required for complete mineralization). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that it is advantageous to carry out the reaction at a temperature markedly higher (70 degrees C) than ambient. The stepwise addition of H2O2 in aliquots yields an efficient transformation, while allowing a convenient control of the reaction exothermicity. Under these conditions, the essentially complete removal of the initial DCP is accomplished using just one equiv of H2O2 during 15 min; excess H2O2 (5 equivalents) yields extensive substrate mineralization. Also relevant, at 70 degrees C dechlorination of the initial DCP (and of derived reaction intermediates) is remarkably extensive (3-5% residual TOX), already with the addition of 1 equiv of H2O2. At the end of the reaction, IC and IC-MS analyses of the solution reveal that only low-molecular weight carboxylic acid (acetic, formic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, etc.) contribute to the residual TOC. CONCLUSIONS: The whole of the results herein point to the advantage of performing the process at temperatures substantially higher than ambient (70 degrees C). Under the conditions adopted, almost complete degradation of the initial toxic compound can be achieved using hydrogen peroxide in fair excess (e.g., 3.5 equiv H2O2). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In applying practical Fenton-type degradation systems to heavily polluted wastes, either for the pre-treatment of waters with a high COD value prior to biodegradation or for complete mineralization of pollutants, the set up of appropriate reaction conditions appears to be a key factor. Also, it is desirable to keep the concentration of iron salts within the lower limits in order to minimize the production and disposal of iron oxide sludges.     

Assessment of Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment by Analysis of Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation

¹³C/¹²C stable carbon isotope fractionation was used to assess biodegradation in contaminated aquifers with toluene as a model compound. Different strains of anaerobic bacteria (Thauera aromatica, Geobacter metallireducens, and the sulfate-reducing strain TRM1) showed consistent ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotope fractionation with fractionation factors between C = 1.0017 and 1.0018. In contrast, three cultures of aerobic organisms, using different mono- and dioxygenase enzyme systems to initiate toluene degradation, showed variable isotope fractionation factors of C = 1.0027 (Pseudomonasputida strain mt-2), C = 1.0011 (Ralstonia picketii), andC = 1.0004 (Pseudomonas putida strain F1). The great variability of isotope fractionation between different aerobic bacterial strains suggests that interpretation of isotope data in oxic habitats can only be qualitative. A soil column was run as a model system for contaminated aquifers with toluene as the carbon source and sulfate as the electron acceptor and samples were taken at different ports along the column. Microbial toluene degradation was calculated based on the ¹³C/¹²C isotope fractionation factors of the batch culture experiments together with the observed ¹³C/¹²C isotope shifts of the residual toluene fractions. The calculated percentage of biodegradation, B, correlated well with the decreasing toluene concentrations at the sampling ports and indicated the increasing extent of biodegradation along the column. The theoretical toluene concentrations as calculated based on the isotope values matched the measured concentrations at the different sampling ports indicating that the Rayleigh equation can be used to calculate biodegradation in quasi closed systems based on measured isotope shifts. A similar attempt was performed to assess toluene degradation in a contaminated, anoxic aquifer. A transect of groundwater wells was monitored along the main direction of the groundwater flow and revealed decreasing concentrations accompanied with an increase in the ¹³C/¹²C stable carbon isotope ratio of the residual toluene. Calculation of the extent of biodegradation based on the isotope values and laboratory derived isotope fractionation factors showed that the residual toluene was degraded to more than 99% by microbial activity. Calculation of the theoretical residual toluene concentrations based on the measured isotope values described the strongly decreasing concentrations along the plume. Other aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene and naphthalene which were analysed in the same course also showed decreasing concentrations along the groundwater flow path accompanied by increasing ¹³C values indicating biodegradation.     

重质燃料油中主要芳烃在自然条件下的风化规律

文章在自然环境条件下对重质燃料油进行了风化模拟实验,采用气质(GC/MS)联用仪分析了重质燃料油中主要芳烃组分及其变化。结果表明:该重质燃料油中主要芳烃为苯类(C_nB)、萘(C_nN)类、菲(C_nP)类、二苯并噻吩(C_nD)类;在自然条件下,经过1周的风化,C_nB和C_0N完全损失;经过6周风化,C_1N完全损失;经过12周的风化,C_2N完全损失,3环的PAHs无明显变化。同时指出C_2D/C_2P和C_3D/C_3P的比值以及烷基化二苯并噻吩的同分异构体分布可用于区别其它油品,并且风化后变化不大,仍可较好地用于油品的鉴定。     

不同红外分光法对水中污染油分析的研究

采用两种不同的红外光度法(分散红外分光光度法和非分散红外光度法)对不同组成的矿物油进行了比较测定,结果表明:当矿物油中的芳烃含量与“标准油”中芳烃含量相近时,两种方法分析结果基本一致;当矿物油中芳烃含量较高时,非分散红外光度法测定结果明显偏低;当样品中芳香烃含量与“标准油”中的芳香烃含量相差较大时,采用分散红外光度法,可以获得更准确、可靠的结果。研究结果还表明,随着测试样品中芳烃含量的增加(>50%),分散红外光度法也会出现较大的偏差。