乙醇对含水层中燃油芳香烃内在生物修复的潜在风险

内在生物修复,是在没有工程措施促进的情况下利用土著微生物降解含水层内灾害性物质的一种修复技术,在燃油烃污染管理方面具有显著的成本效益。该技术需要确定自然衰减过程,并能够继续提供有效的风险保护。针对燃油污染含水层,北美与欧洲认为内在生物修复是值得优先考虑的应用技术。然而,随着乙醇燃油的推广使用,我国在应用这样的经验时需要考虑乙醇的潜在影响。现有的文献研究表明乙醇存在能够阻止燃油主要污染物芳香烃(BTEX)的生物降解,降低水环境的pH值,并可能增强BTEX在水中的溶解性,或存在对生物的毒性,或因为乙醇降解降低介质的渗透性能。因此,需要更好地认识乙醇的潜在风险,为发展乙醇燃油污染含水层修复策略提供科学依据。     

气相色谱法测定地下水的乙醇和单环芳香烃

探讨了同时测定地下水中乙醇和单环芳香烃的顶空气相色谱方法。水中的乙醇和微量芳香烃经过顶空提取后,应用HP-5毛细管色谱柱,利用分流与不分流进样口进样,同时采用程序升温方式进行GC分析,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。研究结果表明,乙醇、苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯和间二甲苯、邻二甲苯的线性范围分别为0.38~189.36mg/L、6.0~1500.0μg/L、6.0~1500.0μg/L、6.0~1500.0μg/L、12.0~3000.0μg/L和6.0~1500.0μg/L,最低检出浓度为137.14μg/L、0.62μg/L、0.55μg/L、0.51μg/L、0.51μg/L和0.59μg/L,水样加标回收率为91.91%L~106.35%L,RSD为2.79%L~3.76%L。表明该方法一次性完成地下水中乙醇和单环芳香烃的分离和测定,分析时间仅为15min,操作简便、灵敏。     

马来西亚海域安达曼海多环芳烃的百年沉积记录

采用GC/MS分析研究了马来西亚海域安达曼海兰卡威岛邻近海域沉积物柱样(WC02)中多环芳烃(PAHs)组成与含量的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb定年,重现了该海域近百年来PAHs的沉积历史(1898~2004年).研究表明,PAHs在整个沉积剖面(0~56 cm)的含量介于13.2~60.1 ng.g-1之间(平均值28.4 ng.g-1),所分析的PAHs中以菲、萘、等化合物为主,与当地周边海域相比污染程度较轻.在20世纪20年代以前,沉积物中多环芳烃含量较低,基本代表当地环境的本底值,即多环芳烃主要来源于天然物质的输入;20年代以后PAHs的总量有所上升,并在20世纪60年代和80年代出现了2个峰值,表明这段时间内多环芳烃的陆源输入特征比较明显,也反映了人类活动在20世纪20年代后开始对该海域产生一定的影响.采用母体、高低环PAH比值对沉积物柱样中PAHs的来源进行分析,表明该海域沉积物受到燃料不完全燃烧产物污染为主、并伴有石油类污染,这与马来西亚西海域周边地区的人类活动(工农业生产、进出口、海上活动等)密切相关,同时也受到马六甲海峡繁忙的海上交通运输影响.对沉积物柱样污染历史进行分析,表明PAHs含量的...     

典型电子垃圾拆解区居民多卤代芳烃的膳食暴露及其癌症风险评估

收集浙江典型电子垃圾拆解区和对照区的饮用水、蔬菜、豆类、米饭、鸡蛋、鱼、鸡肉和猪肉等8类食物样品共191个;采用GC/MS 5975B分析样品中23种PBBs,12种PBDEs和27种PCBs;评估当地居民的PHAHs膳食暴露现状及其癌症风险.结果表明,拆解区居民这三大类PHAHs的平均日摄入量是对照区的2~3倍,通过米饭摄入PHAHs的量占当地居民PHAHs总摄入量的48%以上.拆解区居民因食物摄入PHAHs的癌症风险(3.81×10-4)是对照区(1.50×10-4)的2倍多,其中二英类PCBs的风险值占总癌症风险的45%以上.通过米饭摄入PHAHs是主要的暴露途径,二英类PCBs是引起癌症风险的主要贡献因子,电子垃圾拆解释放出的PHAHs通过食物摄入进入居民体内引起的癌症风险要明显高于对照区.     

植物根际强化修复石油污染土壤的研究

采用室内盆栽方式,研究了高羊茅对烃降解的影响,测定了土壤中烃的降解、微生物数量、荧光素二乙酸酯活性、过氧化氢酶活性及脱氢酶活性.结果表明,总石油烃在根际土壤体系比非根际土壤消失得更快.在试验进行10周后,非根际与根际土壤总石油烃降解率分别为11.8% 和 27.4%.试验过程中挥发的石油烃损失很少.根际土壤微生物平板计数及酶活性显著高于非根际土壤.石油化合物对荧光素二乙酸酯水解具有显著影响.相比无草被体系,种植有高羊茅的体系显著增加了石油烃降解的一级速率常数.因比母体化合物降解缓慢,4种氧化态多环芳烃1-二氢苊酮、9-芴酮、蒽醌、苯并芴酮,在处理过程中浓度不断增加,说明其是在处理过程中形成,并具有持久性.     

太湖水体多环芳烃生态风险的空间分布

以太湖梅梁湾、贡湖湾和胥口湾水体多环芳烃(PAHs)含量水平为基础,通过物种敏感度分布曲线计算三湖湾水体PAHs对水生生物的潜在危害比例,以此表征PAHs对太湖三湖湾水体的生态风险,并对其空间分布特征进行讨论.结果表明:PAHs对太湖三湖湾水体的生态风险大小依次是:Flua(1.1641%),Phe(0.2206%),Pyr(0.1633%),BaP(0.0175%),Ant(0.0021%),Flu(0.0005%), Ace(0.0000%),∑7PAH的联合生态风险(3.0954%)大于单体PAHs的生态风险. Ant, BaP和∑7PAH对梅梁湾(0.0209%,0.1237%和4.1018%)的生态风险显著高于贡湖湾(0.0023%,0.0085%,3.0414%)和胥口湾(0.0002%,0.0015%,2.3899%)(P0.05);Flu和Phe对胥口湾(0.0004%,0.1553%)的生态风险显著低于梅梁湾(0.0011%,0.2999%)和贡湖湾(0.0009%,0.2681%)(P0.05);Pyr和Flua对梅梁湾(0.3268%,1.7156%),贡湖湾(0.1697%,1.2386%)和胥口湾(0.1044%,0.8339%)水生生物的生态风险具有显著性差异(P<0.05).空间分布表明:梅梁湾西北部PAHs的生态风险最大,贡湖湾北部次之,胥口湾最小.     

多环芳烃在珠江口的百年沉积记录

伶仃洋西滩为珠江口的重要沉积区之一.本文分析了采自伶仃洋西滩沉积钻孔(Core 25)中多环芳烃的垂直分布和含量特征,结合²¹⁰Pb定年,重现了该地区近百年来多环芳烃(PAH)的沉积历史.多环芳烃在整个沉积剖面(0～62cm)的含量介于59～330ng·g^-1 (干重) .从19世纪60年代开始,PAH沉积通量逐渐上升,在20世纪50年代达到第一个高峰值.PAH含量在20世纪60～70年代有所降低.20世纪80年代后,PAH含量急剧上升,并在90年代达到最高值.珠江口沉积柱中的多环芳烃主要为热成因来源,其通量变化与周边人类活动(国内生产总值,机动车数量,能源消耗)呈正相关.大气干湿沉降及地表的冲刷作用是PAH进入水体沉积物的主要途径.     

Evaluation of solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ethyl lactate/water versus ethanol/water mixtures for contaminated soil remediation applications

Solubility data of recalcitrant contaminants in cosolvents is essential to determine their potential applications in enhanced soil remediation. The solubilities of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in ethyl lactate/water and ethanol/water mixtures were measured using equilibrium techniques. The cosolvency powers derived from solubility data were then applied to the model developed from the solvophobic approach to predict the capability of ethyl lactate and ethanol in enhancing the desorption of contaminants from soils. Both ethyl lactate and ethanol cosolvents were shown to be able to enhance the solubilisation of the tested four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by > 4 orders of magnitude above the levels obtained with water alone. However, ethyl lactate demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance PAH solubility than ethanol. The cosolvency powers of ethyl lactate/water system obtained from the end-to-end slope (σ) and the end-to-half slope (σ_0.5) of the solubilisation curve were 1.0--1.5 and 2.0--2.9 higher than ethanol/water system respectively. In line with this, ethyl lactate/water was demonstrated to enhance the desorption of contaminants from soil by 20%--37% and 18%--61% higher compared to ethanol/water system in low organic content and high organic content soils respectively, with a 2:1 (V/W) ratio of solution:soil and with cosolvent fraction as low as 0.4. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the experimental desorption results agreed fairly with the predicted values, under an applied solution:soil ratio that was enough to hold the capacity of released contaminants.     

大气中芳香胺及吡啶类化合物的离子色谱法测定

采用GDX-501富集大气中芳香胺及吡啶类化合物,经沸水解吸后解吸液直接注入离子色谱仪,用紫外/可见光检测器进行测定。方法灵敏、简便,可同时测定吡啶、2-甲基吡啶、3-甲基吡啶、苯胺、邻-甲苯胺、间-甲苯胺等。当采样体积为30L时,方法的最低检出浓度范围为0.05～0.10mg/m3(吡啶～间甲苯胺),测定的回收率为84.7%～95.9%,相对标准偏差为4.0%～6.6%。     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.