嘉兴市城市河网区多环芳烃污染源解析及生态风险评价

为研究嘉兴市城市河网区水体中多环芳烃的污染水平和来源并进行生态风险评价,采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对环境优控多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析检测.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期分别检测出10种和16种优控PAHs,质量浓度范围分别为77.32~283.76ng ·L^-1和13.05~133.02ng ·L^-1,平均质量浓度分别为143.83ng ·L^-1和73.47ng ·L^-1;枯水期低环（2环和3环）占比79.18%,丰水期低环占比73.60%;嘉兴市河网区水体多环芳烃污染情况与国内外其他地区相比处于较低水平;采用同分异构比值法和主成分分析法进行污染来源分析,结果表明嘉兴市枯水期和丰水期河网水体中多环芳烃污染主要来源为城市面源污染、燃烧源以及交通污染源;Kalf风险熵值法评价结果表明,枯水期：萘（Nap）、苊烯（Acy）、二氢苊（Ace）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、蒽（Ant）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）和苯并［a］蒽（BaA）以及∑PAHs为中等生态风险水平,丰水期：萘（Nap）、苊烯（Acy）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）、苯并［a］蒽（BaA）、苯并［b］荧蒽（BbF）、苯并［k］荧蒽（BkF）、苯并［a］芘（BaP）、茚苯［1,2,3-cd］芘（InP）和苯并［ghi］苝（BghiP）属于中等生态风险水平,∑PAHs为低生态风险水平;总体而言,嘉兴市河网水体中PAHs生态风险呈中等水平,有关部门需采取措施降低河网水体中PAHs的生态风险.     

多环芳烃在土壤-蔬菜界面上的迁移与积累特征

研究了南京市工业区周边污染农田土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物由土壤向蔬菜迁移的特征及其在蔬菜体内的积累规律.结果表明,蔬菜体内PAHs的浓度与其生长土壤环境中PAHs的浓度呈正相关关系,且土壤中PAHs的浓度显著高于生长在该土壤上的蔬菜根和茎叶组织中的浓度(p<0.05),根中PAHs的浓度显著高于茎叶组织中的浓度(p<0.05).蔬菜根中低环PAHs与PAHs总浓度的比值（∑LMW-PAHs∑PAHs）显著高于其土壤中相应的比例(p<0.05).与高环PAHs（HMW-PAHs）相比,LMW-PAHs易被蔬菜根部吸收,表现出较高的生物有效性.生长在同种污染土壤中的4种叶菜类蔬菜体内PAHs的浓度差异不显著,即这4种蔬菜吸收积累PAHs的差异较小.     

南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布

采集了江苏省南京和宜兴市的土壤剖面样品,用高效液相色谱分析了16种PAHs在土壤样品中的含量,研究了PAHs在土壤剖面中的纵向分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,在采样点土壤0～10cm的表土中16种PAHs总量最高,为280.8～717.1μg/kg,随着土壤剖面的加深PAHs总量减少,在70～80cm土层中为8.7～97.5μg/kg。不同PAHs组分在土壤中分布的特点不同,低环的PAHs(≤3环)含量在0～80cm土层中都有分布且随土壤深度加深而减少,而高环的PAHs(≥4环)主要分布在0～30cm土层中,30cm以下土层中含量较少甚至检测不到。相关分析表明,在每个土壤剖面中PAHs总量与其土壤有机碳含量显著相关,PAHs在农田土壤剖面中的纵向分布与土壤有机碳含量、PAHs的理化性质有很大的关系。     

安徽中北部河流沉积物的特征与多环芳烃分布

通过对安徽省中北部6条河流沉积物样品的粒径、矿物组分和有机质含量的测试,并应用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定了样品中萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽等12种多环芳烃的含量,分析了研究区河流沉积物的特征和多环芳烃分布。研究结果表明:位于安徽省中北部的淮河南北岸支流沉积物粒径和矿物组分具有不同特征;就PAHs总量来看,北岸支流平均值为313.3ng/g,南岸支流平均为112.8ng/g,差异比较明显,南岸支流沉积物中大多数多环芳烃的平均含量都低于北岸支流(蒽和菲除外,二苯并[a,h]蒽未检出);而有机质的含量,南北岸支流总体无明显差异(含量在0.55%至1.83%之间),但单条河流的分布呈沿水流方向自中上游至下游逐渐降低。     

垃圾防渗粘性土对多环芳烃菲(PHEs)的吸附作用研究

研究了持久性有机污染物多环芳烃菲(PHEs)在垃圾防渗粘性土中的吸附机理规律及其吸附模型,探讨了pH值及土样颗粒等影响因素对吸附效果的作用机制,提出了垃圾填埋场防渗粘性土的优化设计。结果表明:菲在粘性土中的吸附过程包括4个阶段,达到吸附平衡的时间为9h;吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,相关系数为0.98,属于非线性等温吸附;菲的水-土分配系数Kd为0.01,有机碳和水之间的分配系数为14.29;当pH值7.42时,土样对菲的吸附量随pH值的增大而迅速增大;pH值7.42的酸性环境中,对菲的吸附量也变大,但是随着酸性的加强,当pH值6.74之后,吸附能力不再有明显变化;菲的最大吸附量与土体的粘粒含量、比表面积呈正比,由大到小顺序为粘性土粉质粘土细砂。     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county, Taiwan

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Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) growing nearby di erent industrial sources

Emissions from industrial activities pose a serious threat to human health and impose the need for monitoring both inorganic and organic pollutants in industrial areas.We selected Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) as potential biomonitor and collected the current (C) and previous year (C+1) needles from three industrial sites dominated by petrochemical, ceramics manufacturing, and iron and steel smelting plants and one remote site to determine heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unwashed and water-washed needles. Both unwashed and washed C+1 needles showed generally higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than C needles, although the washed needles more clearly spotlighted the accumulation e ect of PAHs over exposure time. Water-washing resulted in a significant decrease in needle PAH concentrations with more significant e ects shown in C needles. By contrast, needle heavy metal concentrations were much less a ected by washing. Although heavy metals and PAHs might di er in adsorption and uptake strategies, their higher concentrations in the needles at the industrial sites indicated conspicuous contamination due to industrial emissions there. The PAH distribution patterns in pine needles accorded with the real types of energy consumption in the study sites and were e ciently used for pinpointing local pollutant sources.     

植物根际强化修复石油污染土壤的研究

采用室内盆栽方式,研究了高羊茅对烃降解的影响,测定了土壤中烃的降解、微生物数量、荧光素二乙酸酯活性、过氧化氢酶活性及脱氢酶活性.结果表明,总石油烃在根际土壤体系比非根际土壤消失得更快.在试验进行10周后,非根际与根际土壤总石油烃降解率分别为11.8% 和 27.4%.试验过程中挥发的石油烃损失很少.根际土壤微生物平板计数及酶活性显著高于非根际土壤.石油化合物对荧光素二乙酸酯水解具有显著影响.相比无草被体系,种植有高羊茅的体系显著增加了石油烃降解的一级速率常数.因比母体化合物降解缓慢,4种氧化态多环芳烃1-二氢苊酮、9-芴酮、蒽醌、苯并芴酮,在处理过程中浓度不断增加,说明其是在处理过程中形成,并具有持久性.     

Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.