Application of a green coagulant with PACl in efficient purification of turbid water and its mechanism study

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.     

雨水的混凝处理实验研究

通过烧杯混凝实验,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对模拟雨水及实际的天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水中各污染物的去除效果,确定了最优的药剂投加量;同时对实际雨水进行三维荧光光谱分析.实验结果表明,雨水中主要荧光物质为类蛋白质类.对于模拟雨水,PAC对TP去除效果较好,但对于COD的去除效果并不理想.对于实际雨水,PAC对于各污染物去除效果均较好,天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水的PAC最佳投加量分别为:3～5 mg/L、10～20 mg/L和25～25 mg/L.这样不仅能节省药剂、降低工程费用,而且还能在很大程度上提高水的混凝沉淀处理效果.     

三氯化铝在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动及学习记忆能力的影响

以斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼为实验对象,探讨三氯化铝(Al Cl3)在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆的影响。将受精后6 h(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分成2个大组,分别为对照组和三氯化铝组,以观察三氯化铝的毒性作用。每一大组又分为中性(pH7.4)、微酸(pH6.4)和酸性(pH5.4)组,以观察酸性环境分别及与三氯化铝的共同毒性作用。分别采用72 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避反射实验、144 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼自发运动、168 hpf单一多次光刺激斑马鱼幼鱼实验等探讨在中性、微酸和酸性环境下暴露铝离子对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力以及学习记忆的影响。结果显示:与中性环境下的三氯化铝组相比,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组可以使斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避次数减少(P0.05),平均速度和移动距离下降(P0.001),斑马鱼幼鱼运动轨迹杂乱无章,自发触壁活动减少;单一多次光刺激实验结果发现,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组使斑马鱼幼鱼到达平台速度的光照次数显著增加且差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。以上结果说明,三氯化铝在微酸和酸性环境下,能导致斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆能力下降,并且酸度值越小,对斑马鱼幼鱼运动和学习记忆的影响更显著。酸度值与三氯化铝之间存在协同作用,酸性环境可以使三氯化铝毒性增加。     

聚合氯化铁在微絮凝-深床过滤工艺中的应用

以聚铝(PAC)为参照比较研究了聚合氯化铁(PFC)在微絮凝深床过滤工艺中的应用效果.结果表明PFC投药量少(Fe:Al=3:5),其水头滤程可达63h,周期产水率可达1504m³/m²,而PAC的水头滤程为53h,周期产水率为1266 m³/m²;PFC表现出利于延长运行周期,提高产水率等优势.通过截污机理研究表明,PFC具有形成絮体快,与滤料作用迅速,脱水性能好等特点,与PAC相比PFC更适用于微絮凝-深床过滤工艺.     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

法国核电应力腐蚀问题对我国核电技术发展的启示

2022年,法国电力公司（EDF）大量核电机组因一回路管道应力腐蚀开裂（SCC）问题而停堆检修,对法国甚至欧洲的生产生活造成巨大影响。针对该事件,在总结国内外核反应堆类似失效案例及材料老化研究成果的基础上,对反应堆不锈钢部件的SCC问题的机理、影响因素、抑制措施开展了分析,并结合我国核电机组服役时间逐渐延长,材料老化、设备失效问题日益突出的现状,提出我国核电运维改进措施,如优化残余应力、加强监督和检查,研发更有效的无损检测技术等。同时,探讨了我国在反应堆材料老化研究方面的发展方向。     

间接原子吸收法测定水中氯化物研究

本工作以Ｃｌ＾－与过量Ａｇ＾＋生成ＡｇＣｌ沉淀反应为基础，较详细地探讨了各种强电解质作为絮凝剂对ＡｇＣｌ沉淀的影响，确定了反应的条件，从而提出了一个测定水中Ｃｌ＾－的是接原子吸收法，Ｃｌ＾－浓度在０－５０μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围呈线性，用建立的方法测定自来水中Ｃｌ＾－，再现性与准确度俱佳，用本法测定废水中Ｃｌ＾－的结果与经典的比浊法，和离子色谱法的结果相符。     

PSAF-DMDAAC复合絮凝剂的制备及含铊废水的处理

将自制聚硅酸铝铁（PSAF）与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）复配,制备了复合高分子絮凝剂PSAF-DMDAAC,并将其用于含铊废水的处理。表征结果显示：PSAF与DMDAAC先利用氢键形成聚合体后脱水,然后DMDAAC链上的烯基双键与PSAF中的聚铁、聚铝基团发生桥联反应,以配位键形式将基团引入DMDAAC链,形成一种新型复合絮凝剂。实验结果表明：复合絮凝剂制备的最优条件为（Al+Fe）与Si的摩尔比2∶1、Al与Fe的摩尔比1∶2、60%（w）DMDAAC溶液加入量0.8%（w）;废水处理的最优条件为絮凝剂投加量0.8 g/L、废水pH 9.5、沉降时间10 min;在上述优化条件下,废水的色度、浊度、铊的去除率分别达到95.0%,96.4%,95.6%,处理后废水的色度、浊度、铊质量浓度分别为10度、6 NTU、13 μg/L。     

Al3+对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响

通过向序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中投加氯化铝,研究了化学协同生物除磷过程中Al~(3+)对污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)对微生物的活性有促进作用,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)对其活性有明显的抑制作用.氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)能够促进EPS中多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)的分泌,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)则只促进多糖的分泌,但对EPS的分泌总量没有影响.Al~(3+)会使污泥的SVI值显著降低,大大改善其沉降性能.MLSS、MLVSS基本上是随着Al~(3+)投加量的增加而增大,MLVSS/MLSS随着投药量的增加先减小后增大再减小.Al~(3+)对COD和TN的去除具有轻微抑制作用,但对TP的去除具有显著的改善作用.当Al~(3+)的投加为0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,TP的去除效果最好,出水浓度仅为0.44 mg·L~(-1),满足一级A排放标准.此时,TP的去除率为92.7%,比不加药时提升了10.2%.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中钾盐浸出研究

通过物理化学表征手段和多因素水浸试验对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质和飞灰中钾盐浸出规律进行研究.结果表明,飞灰的主要成分为CaO、KCl和NaCl,平均粒径为12.599μm,水洗后的飞灰颗粒粒径会变大,而比表面积变小.粒径范围0.037~0.075 mm飞灰中的金属元素含量对飞灰金属总量贡献率全部在60%左右.浸出过程中,在pH=12的条件下,搅拌强度为400 r·min~(-1),浸出温度为90℃,采用液固质量比为5∶1能使氯化钾的浸出率达到90%以上.浸出液中含有大量的可溶性氯化钾表明飞灰中的钾盐可以通过水洗、过滤、纯化、分布结晶的方式收,氯化钾晶体纯度可达到90%.