聚合氯化铝与粉末活性炭联合强化混凝处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了联合粉末活性炭与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝对垃圾渗滤液原水的处理效果。结果表明,在原水COD为4 100 mg/L、浊度为147 NTU、UV254为20的条件下,粉末活性炭的加入可以有效增加垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除率,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,COD的去除率由21.6%提高到29.1%,UV254去除率由29.8%提高到39.9%,剩余浊度由138 NTU降到133 NTU。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性小分子有机物的去除率提高显著,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,在分子量小于1 kDa的范围内,UV254去除率由2.9%上升为10%。     

氯离子对氨氮电化学氧化的影响

以自制的二氧化铅粉末多孔电极为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,探讨了投加Cl-对氨氮电化学氧化反应速率、途径及产物等的影响。结果表明,投加Cl-能显著提高氨氮的电化学氧化速率;有氯离子存在的条件下,氨氮的去除主要靠电催化过程中产生的强氧化性物质.OH,HClO的作用,其去除率随着电流密度的增大呈增高的趋势,随初始pH的增大而增大;投加氯离子后,NO3--N的生成量增加,但氧化产物主要是以N2为主的含氮气体。     

环氧氯丙烷生产废水的资源化处理技术

采用催化湿式过氧化物氧化法（CWPO）处理环氧氯丙烷生产废水,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应pH、双氧水和FeSO₄#x000b7;7H₂O加入量及投加方式等因素对TOC去除率的影响。实验结果表明：CWPO工艺适宜的反应条件为反应温度90℃,反应pH2.0~3.0,FeSO₄#x000b7;7H₂O₂加入量7.50~8.75g/L,双氧水加入量75mL/L,反应时间100min;双氧水和Fe²⁺分多次投加时的TOC去除效果明显优于一次性投加;优化条件下,环氧氯丙烷废水经CWPO工艺处理后,TOC由1790mg/L降至138mg/L,符合氯碱厂隔膜电解槽进槽盐水的要求,可以资源化利用。     

聚硅酸氯化铝镁的制备及絮凝性能

用聚合硅酸、聚合氯化铝和硫酸镁复合制备复合絮凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝镁。SEM分析结果表明,聚硅酸氯化铝镁为交联的枝杈状聚集态。FTIR仪分析表明,聚铝离子及水解络合离子可与共存的聚硅酸聚合形成配位键。以实际废水为处理对象,比较了自制复合絮凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝镁与市售聚合氯化铝的絮凝效果。实验结果表明:在聚硅酸氯化铝镁加入量为40mg/L、废水pH为3的条件下,以自制聚硅酸氯化铝镁为絮凝剂时废水的COD、BOD5、TP、TN、浊度去除率均较高;自制复合絮凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝镁的废水处理效果均优于市售聚合氯化铝。     

Immunotoxicity in ascidians: antifouling compounds alternative to organotins: III--the case of copper(I) and Irgarol 1051

After the widespread ban of TBT, due to its severe impact on coastal biocoenoses, mainly related to its immunosuppressive effects on both invertebrates and vertebrates, alternative biocides such as Cu(I) salts and the triazine Irgarol 1051, the latter previously used in agriculture as a herbicide, have been massively introduced in combined formulations for antifouling paints against a wide spectrum of fouling organisms. Using short-term (60 min) haemocyte cultures of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri exposed to various sublethal concentrations of copper(I) chloride (LC₅₀ = 281 μM, i.e., 17.8 mg Cu L⁻¹) and Irgarol 1051 (LC₅₀ > 500 μM, i.e., >127 mg L⁻¹), we evaluated their immunotoxic effects through a series of cytochemical assays previously used for organotin compounds. Both compounds can induce dose-dependent immunosuppression, acting on different cellular targets and altering many activities of immunocytes but, unlike TBT, did not have significant effects on cell morphology. Generally, Cu(I) appeared to be more toxic than Irgarol 1051: it significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited yeast phagocytosis at 0.1 μM (∼10 μg L⁻¹), and affected calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase activity at 0.01 μM (∼1 μg L⁻¹). Both substances were able to change membrane permeability, induce apoptosis from concentrations of 0.1 μM (∼10 μg L⁻¹) and 200 μM (∼50 mg L⁻¹) for Cu(I) and Irgarol 1051, respectively, and alter the activity of hydrolases. Both Cu(I) and Irgarol 1051 inhibited the activity of phenoloxidase, but did not show any interactive effect when co-present in the exposure medium, suggesting different mechanisms of action.     

Sorption of chlorinated solvents and degradation products on natural clayey tills

The sorption of chlorinated solvents and degradation products on seven natural clayey till samples from three contaminated sites was investigated by laboratory batch experiments in order to obtain reliable sorption coefficients (K_d values). The sorption isotherms for all compounds were nearly linear, but fitted by Freundlich isotherms slightly better over the entire concentration range. For chloroethylenes, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was most strongly sorbed to the clayey till samples (K_d = 0.84-2.45 L kg⁻¹), followed by trichloroethylene (TCE, K_d = 0.62-0.96 L kg⁻¹), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE, K_d = 0.17-0.82 L kg⁻¹) and vinyl chloride (VC, K_d = 0.12-0.36 L kg⁻¹). For chloroethanes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) was most strongly sorbed (K_d = 0.2-0.45 L kg⁻¹), followed by 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA, K_d = 0.16-0.24 L kg⁻¹) and chloroethane (CA, K_d = 0.12-0.18 L kg⁻¹). This is consistent with the order of hydrophobicity of the compounds. The octanol-water coefficient (log K_ow) correlated slightly better with log K_d values than log K_oc values indicating that the K_d values may be independent of the actual organic carbon content (f_oc). The estimated log K_oc or log K_d for chlorinated solvents and degradation products determined by regression of data in this study were significantly higher than values determined by previously published empirical relationships. The site specific K_d values as well as the new empirical relationship compared well with calculations on water and soil core concentration for cis-DCE and VC from the Rugårdsvej site. In conclusion, this study with a wide range of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes - in line with previous studies on PCE and TCE - suggest that sorption in clayey tills could be higher than typically expected.     

制浆造纸废水生化出水的混凝处理研究

研究了硫酸铝和三氯化铁对制浆造纸废水生化出水的处理效果.研究发现,不调节原水pH值,硫酸铝投加量为600 mg/L或三氯化铁投加量为300mg/L时,混凝后废水的COD＜150 mg/L,色度＜50倍,出水均符合现阶段排放标准.混凝剂比较发现,在最佳反应条件下,2种混凝剂的处理效果相当,但硫酸铝混凝的成本低于三氯化铁....     

纳米SiO2对微污染物HA、SDS及NH3-N的助凝特性研究

以聚合氯化铝PAC为混凝剂,纳米SiO2为助凝剂,对含有下列微污染物：十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、氨氮（NH3-N）或腐植酸（HA）的高岭土悬浊液进行混凝沉降实验。借助形态学理论、电镜观察与图像分析技术,研究纳米SiO2对微污染物的助凝作用效果、吸附特性与絮体结构的形态学特征。结果表明：（1）在含有HA、SDS、NH3-N的模拟原水中,污染物去除率与浊度去除率的相关性随污染物分子量的增大而增强;（2）纳米SiO3对HA、SDS及NH3-N的助凝吸附效果,随分子量的降低而减弱。纳米SiO2能促使PAC对HA、SDS与NH3-N的去除率分别提高40％～50％、20％～30％和10％～15％;（3）纳米SiO2能促使PAC作用下的絮体粒径增大、密实度和分维值增加、沉速加快。     

氯代芳香族化合物高效降解菌的驯化与筛选

为了筛选除解造纸废水中的氯代芳香族化合物的高效降解菌株,选用了造纸废水SBR处理系统的活性污泥作为菌源,采用平板分离池分离出18种菌株,并从中选出生长势态良好的11种,通过对废水中CODCr,TCl的降解效果试验,确定出以M3＋M8为组合的优势混合菌。     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅱ.^27Al—NMR法研究PASC溶 …

采用＾２７Ａｌ－ＮＭＲ法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布。实验结果表明,在ＰＡＳＣ中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合物产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。在相同Ｂ值条件下,ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量低于ＰＡＣ中相应Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量,而ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量大于ＰＡＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量,其差值随着碱化度（Ｂ）和Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的减小而增大。