Calibrating a model to 30 years of data to capture the accumulation of chloride from winter deicers in a shallow aquifer

Winter deicers are a major source of chloride contamination to shallow aquifers in northern latitudes. In the greater Chicago area of northeast Illinois, chloride has been accumulating for decades and in many places now exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard of 250 mg/L. MODFLOW-NWT and MT3D-USGS were used to simulate the accumulation of chloride with 30 years of data in the shallow aquifer of Will County in northeast Illinois. This aquifer is composed of unconsolidated sediments, largely from glacial deposits, overlying a fractured dolomite bedrock. To calibrate to observed heads and chloride, the model needed refined geologic features, higher chloride concentrations on cells representing commercial or industrial lands, lower chloride concentrations on cells representing roads, and point source areas to speed chloride's emergence in the aquifer. These point sources are locally significant and could represent different anthropogenic or geologic features, such as municipal stormwater infrastructure. Future simulations indicate that chloride is not at steady state in the shallow aquifer and wells are at risk of exceeding the secondary standard if winter deicing applications are not reduced. It may take decades for the full impacts of reduced deicing rates to be observed in wells, owing to the long residence time of water in the aquifer. This transient model calibration was possible because of the 30-year dataset collected by communities and government agencies.     

聚合氯化铝与有机高分子复合絮凝剂水解-聚合历程及结构形貌研究

对复合絮凝剂CPAC的水解-聚合历程进行研究,结果表明,相对于PAC而言,O/A比值愈高,复合速度愈快,体系pH值上升愈慢,复合体系对-OH的络合能力愈强.与PAC相比,CPAC的结构形貌产生了较大变化,CPAC的聚集体尺寸明显大于PAC.较大的聚集体尺寸表明它在水中能有较大的伸展空间,可以在相距较远的颗粒物之间进行架桥,较高的枝化度和较粗的分支可以增加它与颗粒物的碰撞机会.     

PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰预处理油墨废水的研究

本文介绍聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDMDAAC）改性粉煤灰的制备,并用制备的改性粉煤灰处理实际油墨废水。研究改性粉煤灰的投加量、反应时间、废水pH值、水温对废水有机物CODG和色度去除率的影响。研究表明在最佳的试验条件下．油墨废水的脱色率高达94％,CODCr去除率也达到了74％。     

万宁地区近地面氯离子沉积速率的影响因素研究

目的 研究热带海洋大气环境中不同地貌下氯离子沉积速率的分布规律及主要影响因素。方法 通过挂片法采集万宁地区的氯离子沉积速率,并分析离海距离、地形地貌对氯离子沉积速率的影响,以及其与海水因素、自然环境因素间的相关性。结果 近海开阔区域氯离子沉积速率受离海距离和地貌的影响显著,在300 m处降低至90 m处的1/3左右,地貌的变化导致同一距离点处的氯离子沉积速率相差30倍。另外,高的海水有效波高、风速和东风占比使春季氯离子沉积速率高于夏季。结论 不同地貌下的氯离子沉积速率均与海水有效波高、风速间呈较强的正相关性。     

碱化度对聚合氯化铁除藻性能的影响

通过聚合氯化铁(PFC)对实验室纯培养的铜绿微囊藻的混凝实验,考察了碱化度(B)、浊度以及腐殖酸浓度对PFC除藻性能的影响,确定PFC除藻的最佳碱化度,同时探讨了PFC的混凝除藻机理.     

改性生物炭对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附行为及机理

采用氯化铝和高锰酸钾对生物炭进行改性,研究生物炭表面Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附规律及吸附机理。实验结果表明,在固液比为2.5 g/L、pH为4、吸附温度为25 ℃、吸附时间为240 min、溶液初始质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,BC、Al-BC和KMnO₄-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的平衡吸附量分别为1.13,2.12,2.98 mg/g。KMnO₄-BC和Al-BC的吸附机理不同,KMnO₄-BC等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附动力学过程遵循拟二级动力学方程;Freundlich模型和拟一级动力学方程更适合描述Al-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附。3种生物炭的吸附过程都以物理吸附为主,同时有化学吸附的参与。BET比表面积与FTIR分析结果表明,Al-BC吸附量大主要得益于比表面积及孔体积的增大。     

聚合氯化铝锌絮凝剂的制备及其性能

用在AlCl,与ZnCl2溶液中加NaOH溶液的方法制备无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌（PAZC）,通过正交实验确定的最佳制备条件为：反应时间10min、碱化度2．2、氯化铝浓度0．5mol／L、NaOH溶液浓度0．5mol／L。在n（Zn）：n（Al）=0．6、水样pH=7．8、PAZC加入量为5mg／L的条件下,浊度和COD去除率分别为98．9％和88．2％。PAZC与聚合氯化铝对各种工业废水的处理效果比较结果表明,PAZC对各种工业废水的处理效果较好。从废水处理成本来看,PAZC具有较好的经济效益。     

絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水

采用絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水（简称废水）,考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明：根据实际废水的水质情况,选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）为絮凝剂,PAC最佳加入量为0．3g／L,经絮凝处理后COD去除率为42．3％;Fenton试剂氧化的最佳操作条件为：n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=0．5、H2O2加入量为7mmol／L、反应时间为2h,不调节废水初始pH,经Fenton试剂氧化处理后COD去除率为70％以上。经絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理后,废水COD由1950mg／L降至240mg／L,总的COD去除率为87．7％,废水处理效果良好。     

Effect of Al(III) speciation on coagulation of highly turbid water

In Taiwan, the turbidity of raw water for fresh water treatments can sometimes reach as high as 40 000 NTU due to intensive rainfall, especially in typhoon seasons. In response, water works often apply large quantities of coagulants such as polyaluminium chloride (PACl). In this study, simulated and natural highly turbid water was coagulated with two PACls, a commercial product (PACl-1) and a laboratory product (PACl-E). The Al species distributions of PACl-1 and PACl-E under various pH conditions were determined, and the corresponding coagulation efficiency was evaluated. The PACl-E has a wider range of operational pH, while the efficiency of PACl-1 peaks at around neutral pH. For simulated water up to 5000 NTU, the PACl-E was superior to PACl-1 at low dosage and in the pH range studied. Similar results were discovered with natural water, except that when the turbidity was extremely high, the coagulation efficiency of PACl-E decreased significantly due to the presence of large amounts of organic matter. The coagulation of PACl-E was closely related to the content of polycationic aluminium (Al₁₃) while that of PACl-1 was dictated by the amount of Al_c. The sludge from PACl-E coagulation had better dewaterability when the optimum dosage was applied. The experimental results suggest that for natural water up to 5000 NTU, PACl containing high Al₁₃ species is recommended for coagulation. In cases when the water contains high organic matter, efficient coagulation depends upon enmeshment by amorphous aluminium hydroxide.     

酰基化反应废水的综合利用

以含AlCl3的酰基化反应工业废水为原料,采用聚芳醚砜酮中空纤维超滤膜为反应介质制备聚合氯化铝（PAC）。通过正交实验考察了碱浓度、碱化度、碱类型和加碱速率对PAC絮凝性能的影响。经优化后的试制参数用于PAC的放大实验,并将试制产品应用于染料废水的处理,考察了PAC对一定浓度的染料废水（达旦黄、活性红、甲基橙和食品黄）的脱色效果。实验结果表明,在NaOH溶液浓度0．5mol／L、渗透压0．2MPa、碱化度2．0时制备的PAC对4种染料的脱色率均大于96％。