Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model

A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework.     

对苯二酚生产中含硫酸锰废水的综合利用

根据硫酸锰废水的特性,采用中和除铁和硫化除钴、镍等方法先使废水净化,得到合格电解液.其后对该电解液通电并加入硒电解24小时,再经钝化等处理制得金属锰.利用电解硫酸锰后的阳极废水制取碳酸锰,并从碳酸锰废水中回收硫酸铵.本工艺简单可行,产品金属锰纯度达99.8％以上,经济和环境效益显著.     

硫酸铜类芬顿法去除双酚A

在水处理应用中,为解决Fenton法通常需较低pH的局限性,提出了以硫酸铜为催化剂的类芬顿反应体系,以双酚A(BPA)为目标污染物,分别考察了催化剂用量、H₂O₂用量、反应温度、BPA初始浓度和pH对BPA去除效果的影响,分析了反应过程中pH和羟基自由基浓度的变化。结果表明：在催化剂用量为0.8 g·L⁻¹、H₂O₂为78 mmol·L⁻¹、BPA为152 mg·L⁻¹、反应温度为75 ℃、反应时间为65 min的条件下,BPA和TOC的去除率分别为95.4%和85.9%;所建立的硫酸铜类芬顿反应体系,相比Fenton反应体系具有更宽的pH适应范围,可以在pH=3.0~10.1下进行反应,无需调节反应液的pH,且出水水质颜色好,成本低。以上研究结果可为有机废水的高效处理提供理论与技术支持,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Analysis of Long-term Measurements of Airborne Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide and SO42- in the Rural United Kingdom

During the last two decades, the importance of sulphur dioxide as a pollutant has moved away from its association with suspended particulate matter, to it being a precursor of SO ₄ ^2- aerosol (acidic e.g. sulphuric acid, or neutralised e.g. ammonium sulphate). Co-located concentration data of sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- , at nine monitoring sites situated in predominantly rural areas in the United Kingdom, collected over the time period 1979–1995, have been analysed. The time series for both species are discussed for the sites. Further analysis has shown that there is a degree of correlation between sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- for most of the sites considered. This correlation is of approximately the same level for most of the sites taken independently and together, and in most cases the slopes and intercepts associated with the simple empirical model equations arising from the correlation analysis, are of the same order of magnitude. The implementation of these site-dependent model equations within dispersion models for the prediction of the concentration of airborne sulphate aerosol from knowledge of sulphur dioxide concentration is discussed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed the influence of transported sulphate aerosol on the local concentration, especially during high concentration episodes.     

纳米SiO2在含阴离子表面活性剂低浊水处理中的应用

在含有阴离子表面活性剂-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的6 NTU高岭土悬浊液中,改变SDS的浓度,投加纳米SiO2与聚合铝PAC进行动态混凝实验与静沉实验,借助图像分析技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO2与PAC处理含SDS低浊水的作用机理、絮凝效果与形态学特征.结果表明:①纳米SiO2与SDS使高岭土粒子表面负电性增强.纳米SiO2的絮凝机理以吸附架桥为主.②纳米SiO2对SDS的去除效果优于PAC.SDS浓度越高,去除效果越显著.但纳米SiO2对无机高岭土粒子的处理能力不如PAC,PAC絮凝后的上清液浊度低.当SDS浓度增至10 mg/L时,纳米SiO2对SDS的去除率高,而PAC对SDS的絮凝能力弱,PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果也下降.③助凝剂纳米SiO2较强的吸附活性能加快PAC絮体成长为结构密实的RLCA构型,分维值高,絮凝效果好.     

花垣河锰污染及其成因分析

对花垣河河水中8个监测断面（S1-S8）水样和堆积在河岸附近MnSO4废渣及其浸出液中Mn、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的总量进行了分析。结果表明,花垣河河水中Mn和Cd质量浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）V类水体标准;MnSO4废渣浸出液中Cd超过《危险废物鉴别标准》（GB5058．3—1996）规定值。将花垣河河水中Mn、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量与MnSO4废渣浸出液中相应的元素含量进行相关性分析,r=0．957（P〈0．01）,表明堆积在花垣河河岸附近MnSO4废渣是可能造成花垣河污染的主要来源。     

硫酸盐废水处理产电过程中的电子分流机制研究

为探讨废水中硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电效能的影响,采用单室空气阴极MFC反应器处理模拟硫酸盐废水,并对硫酸盐的电子分流过程进行了监测。结果表明,在一定范围内,提高硫酸盐浓度能使MFC的稳定电压上升,电池持续时间延长,MFC输出功率增大。随着进水硫酸盐浓度提高,微生物产生的电子总量中,硫酸盐还原捕获的电子和通过外电路的电子所占的比例均下降,分别由12．54％和31．45％下降至7_32％和8．49％。研究表明,较低浓度硫酸盐能够提高MFC的电能输出功率,但由于硫酸盐的还原将消耗掉大量电子,进而降低MFC的库伦效率。     

Retention of 137cesium in acid sulphate soils of South Central Thailand

Adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha^?1) on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26–99.97%) of added ¹³⁷Cs (3.7?×?10³?7.03?×?10⁵ Bq l^?1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher K _ads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ had little influence on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between K _ads and soil pH was observed. The ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09–0.58%) of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial ¹³⁷Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability.     

两种不同阻垢剂对硫酸钡垢的协同作用初探

N和R都是工业上常用的阻垢剂。N是一种磷酸钠盐,具有抑制晶核生长的效果,R是一种磷酸酯盐,具有分散效果。通过使用油田上典型的易结垢盐水配方,采用静态瓶试验和动态模拟试验相结合的方法讨论了N和R以及其不同比例混合物的阻垢效果,考察了硫酸钡垢的成垢机理和阻垢剂的阻垢机理。结果表明,在70℃,250PSI条件下,混合物N∶R为3∶1时的阻垢剂效果最好,具备协同作用。     

酸性硫酸盐土研究现状与发展趋向

对国内外酸性硫酸盐土的研究现状进行了综述,并提出了有关今后酸性硫酸盐土研究的几个重要发展方向：（1）酸性硫酸盐土的酸释放机制;（2）酸性硫酸盐土的生态环境效应及其全球变化贡献与生态风险评价;（3）退化酸性硫酸盐土的恢复与重建的接口技术体系;（4）酸性硫酸盐土的可持续利用模式与管理。