重庆市洪涝灾害的特点、成灾机制成灾背景调查与分析

洪涝灾害是重庆较为严重的一种自然灾害，本文分析重庆市洪涝灾害特征入手，在此基础上，对重庆市洪涝灾害的成灾机制做了阐述，并从影响洪涝灾害夏季降水的主要物理因素、地形地貌背景、地表径流与水系和人为活动等方面对重庆市洪涝灾害的成灾背景进行分析，阐明了各成灾因背景之间的相互联系。     

水盐梯度对闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为了揭示水盐梯度对河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,对闽江河口不同淹水环境和盐度下短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地土壤水稳性团聚体进行了测定与分析.结果表明:①闽江河口半咸水湿地和淡水湿地0～30 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体、微团聚体和大团聚体的含量分别为63.12%～77.49%、6.82%～31.64%、4.38%～22.63%.除20～30 cm土层外,高潮滩0～20 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体和大团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而增加,增幅分别为8.74%～9.85%和105.54%～144.40%;0～20 cm土壤微团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而降低,高潮滩降幅为59.56%～65.20%,低潮滩降幅为55.65%～60.92%.②高潮滩土壤团聚体稳定性随盐度的增加而增加,盐度对微团聚体、大团聚体含量(DR_(0.25))和平均重量直径(MWD)的作用力在不同土层均影响显著,盐度和淹水的交互作用对各级土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响均不显著.③土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤TC含量呈倒"U"型关系.综上,淹水环境变化对土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响较小,盐度和有机碳含量是影响闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的重要限制性参数.     

PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂的脱色性能研究

研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵聚合物（PDMDAAC）系列絮凝剂对活性染料废水和分散染料废水的脱色效果，考察了絮凝剂的特性粘度、阳离子度及结构等因素对脱色效果的影响，探讨了其脱色机理，并试验了与PAC复配的脱色效果。实验结果表明：絮凝剂的特性粘度越高，阳离子度越高，脱色效果越好；絮凝剂结构中引入乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）可使脱色效果胡所提高；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂处理活性染料废水的机理是通过电中和作用，使染料分子从水中析出，然后通过吸附架桥作用使之聚集、沉降除去；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂在处理分散染料废水时，吸附架桥为主导作用；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂与PAC复配可使脱色效果更佳而且可以降低处理成本。     

Adaptive Management and Climate Change Adaptation: Two Mutually Beneficial Areas of Practice

Adaptive management (AM) is a rigorous approach to implementing, monitoring, and evaluating actions, so as to learn and adjust those actions. Existing AM projects are at risk from climate change, and current AM guidance does not provide adequate methods to deal with this risk. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an approach to plan and implement actions to reduce risks from climate variability and climate change, and to exploit beneficial opportunities. AM projects could be made more resilient to extreme climate events by applying the principles and procedures of CCA. To test this idea, we analyze the effects of extreme climatic events on five existing AM projects focused on ecosystem restoration and species recovery, in the Russian, Trinity, Okanagan, Platte, and Missouri River Basins. We examine these five case studies together to generate insights on how integrating CCA principles and practices into their design and implementation could improve their sustainability, despite significant technical and institutional challenges, particularly at larger scales. Although climate change brings substantial risks to AM projects, it may also provide opportunities, including creating new habitats, increasing the ability to quickly test flow‐habitat hypotheses, stimulating improvements in watershed management and water conservation, expanding the use of real‐time tools for flow management, and catalyzing creative application of CCA principles and procedures.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

以可生物降解固体为碳源的城市污水厂尾水反硝化脱氮研究

针对城市污水厂尾水氮排放不达标的现象,提出以可生物降解聚合物作为固体碳源的反硝化生物滤池技术。研究结果表明,尾水中氮的去除率会随水力停留时间(HRT)的延长而增加,HRT≤8 h时,去除率增长速度较快;HRT>8 h时,脱氮效率增长趋于平缓。选用聚羟基丁酸戊酸共聚酯(PHBV)为碳源,HRT为8 h时脱氮效果最佳,连续稳定运行30 d,出水硝态氮的去除率达96.1%~97.4%,出水中总氮浓度达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准。     

不同类型清水剂处理油田含聚污水的效果对比

考察了阳离子型CWC-14、非离子型NQS-01和阴离子型AQS-08 3类清水剂对油田含聚污水的处理效果,对比了它们的作用特点和絮体性能。实验结果表明:在清水剂加入量350 mg/L、处理温度65℃、搅拌转速300 r/min、搅拌时间5 min的条件下,CWC-14、NQS-01和AQS-08对含聚污水的除油率分别为98.8%、98.0%和99.4%;NQS-01受处理温度、搅拌条件影响较大;CWC-14受污水中聚合物质量浓度影响最大。清水剂的絮体特点与其作用机理有关,CWC-14的絮凝速率最快,起效时间最短,絮体呈黏性大块状;NQS-01的絮凝速率最慢,起效时间最长,絮体呈浮油状;AQS-08的絮凝速率和起效时间适中,絮体呈松散状、流动性好。对比结果表明,非阳离子型清水剂可有效避免油田含聚污水处理过程中的黏性油泥问题。     

不饱和季铵盐的合成及其聚合物在化工及环保领域的应用

按不饱和基团的类型对不饱和季铵盐进行了分类,并综述了其合成方法。介绍了其聚合物在含油污水处理、抗菌、纺织品、新材料等领域的应用。阐述了在不饱和季铵盐的开发及其聚合物的应用方面存在的问题。指出了今后的发展方向:应该加大科研投入,加快新型不饱和季铵盐的研发进程,特别是在主结构设计、纯度提高以及新型絮凝剂单体的多样性方面,以制备出多功能性的单体和聚合物。     

基于Z指数的昆明市洪涝研究

本文基于昆明市12个气象站点1963～2013年逐月降水量数据,采用Z指数的方法,得到旱涝等级评定结果,对昆明市洪涝的时空分布特征及成因进行了深入分析与研究,在此基础上提出防洪减灾对策.研究结果表明:时间分布上,昆明市在1963～2013年间,降水量经历了上升-下降-上升下降的波动状态,51年内共出现了8次重涝,3次大涝,10次偏涝,洪涝类型以重涝和偏涝为主,洪涝主要集中出分布在60年代中期至70年代中期、80年代末至21世纪初.空间分布上,昆明市的主城区昆明及其下风方向的嵩明地区降水较多,洪涝程度最为严重,呈贡、东川地区的降水较少,洪涝程度最轻.影响因素上,影响降水量最大的自然因素是相对湿度,其次是蒸发量及总云量;最大的人为因素是城市人口,其次是SO2排放量、建成区面积及道路面积.     

Biodegradability,hydrolytic degradability,and builder performance in detergent formulations of partially dicarboxylated alginic acid

Partially dicarboxylated alginic acids with degree of dicarboxylations from 13 to 61 mol% were prepared and their biodegradability, hydrolytic degradability, and builder performances in detergent formulations were measured. Also, the correlations between biodegradability and hydrolytic degradability were examined with respect to the degree of dicarboxylation. The biodegradability of dicarboxylated alginic acid sodium salt (DCAa), evaluated by biochemical oxygen demand with activated sludge, depended on the degree of dicarboxylation. DCAa containing more than 75 mol% remaining uronide residues in the polymer chain showed excellent biodegradation. Hydrolytic degradation of DCAa depended on the degree of dicarboxylation and the pH of the incubation media. After 30-day incubation at 30°C at pH 4–6, a significant molecular weight reduction by hydrolytic degradation was observed for highly dicarboxylated alginic acid. DCAa with a high degree of dicarboxylation showed excellent builder performance in detergent formulations based on the detergency and calcium sequestration capacity.