Valorization of sodium sulfate waste to potassium sulfate fertilizer: experimental studies,process modeling,and optimization

ABSTRACT

Sodium sulfate is a common low-value industrial by-product but can be managed using the Glaserite process to convert it into high-value potassium sulfate. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential for implementing this process in an industrial application. Experimental studies were completed to determine the yield and purity of both glaserite and potassium sulfate. Process simulation using SysCAD was utilized to optimize a two-stage glaserite process to produce potassium sulfate. Comparison of experimental and simulated data was made to validate the simulator’s results, finding the AAD in solid and liquid phase for glaserite production to be 6.9% and 5.7%, respectively, and for potassium sulfate to be 5.7% and 2.3%, respectively. For a process treating seven MT/hr of Na₂SO₄, a KCl feed strategy of 3.0 MT/hr to the glaserite reactor and 4.5 MT/hr to the K₂SO₄ reactor was found to maximize yield and minimize water demand. It was also found that ambient temperatures were preferred for the K₂SO₄ reactor and that K₂SO₄ yield suffered significantly under certain conditions when the glaserite reactor operated at 50°C or above.     

电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水

采用电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水,通过电解过程产生的Fe2+活化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基氧化废水中的有机物,同时Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+进而水解起到絮凝作用。实验结果表明,在电解时间25 min、电流密度41.7 m A/cm~2、电极间距4 cm、搅拌转速100 r/min、废水pH 7.0、过硫酸盐添加量0.006 mol/L的条件下,COD去除率达94.5%,出水BOD_5/COD从0.13增至0.56,电导率从104 mS/m降至71 mS/m,矿化度从16 704 mg/L降至4 065 mg/L,不可滤残渣含量从554 mg/L降至59 mg/L。电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同处理的效果明显优于单独电絮凝和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸盐氧化工艺,循环伏安测试结果表明其原因是硫酸根自由基的产生,同时溶液的导电性增强,强化了絮凝效果。     

利用含铝废硫酸和废铝渣制备聚合硫酸铝

以含铝废硫酸和废铝渣为原料制备聚合硫酸铝（PAS）。优化了废铝渣的酸溶条件,确定了合适的稳定剂和碱化剂。实验结果表明：在酸溶反应温度为80 ℃、酸溶反应时间为40 min、以20 g/L Ca（OH）₂溶液为碱化剂、以加入量为60 mg/L的固体柠檬酸为稳定剂的条件下,制备的PAS比聚合氯化铝（PAC）和Al₂（SO₄）₃具有更优异的混凝性能。该工艺可回收利用废铝渣和含铝废硫酸,从而达到综合利用的目的。     

超高石灰铝法处理酸性矿井水的实验研究

酸性矿井水成分复杂、产量大,是严重的矿山环境问题,也是处理难度大的污废水体。采用超高石灰铝法,通过分别投加Ca O和Na Al O2对实验室配置的模拟酸性矿井水进行处理。实验分析溶液p H值、药剂投药比、初始浓度以及反应温度等因素对氯离子和硫酸根去除率的影响。结果表明,当Cl-的质量浓度为2 500 mg/L,SO2-4质量浓度为1 500 mg/L时,搅拌温度40℃,投加Ca O和Na Al O2的量分别为4.0 g和1.0 g,滴加Na OH调节p H值为10,搅拌15 min,Cl-,SO2-4去除率分别为87.9%,96.0%。     

固体聚硅硫酸铁混凝剂的表面形貌及混凝效能

以水玻璃、硫酸亚铁及氯酸钠为原料,采用共聚法制备不同Si/Fe摩尔比的聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)混凝剂,通过两种方式固化:(1)将未稀释的PFSS经自然干燥制成凝胶状样品;(2)将不同聚合反应时间的PFSS稀释后干燥制成粉末状样品.用扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪对其表面形貌及成分进行观察和分析,对比粉末状固体PFSS与液体PFSS的混凝性能.结果表明,两种固化手段制备的PFSS表面形貌完全不同,其中凝胶状样品没有孔隙、连接紧密,而粉末状样品是松散的片状或晶须状结构,Si/Fe摩尔比对样品的表面形貌有很大影响.PFSS不是原料的简单复配,而是"硅铁反应的共聚物".反应时间对固体PFSS混凝性能的影响小于对液体PFSS的影响,制备液体和固体混凝剂需要不同的反应时间.与液体PFSS相比,固体PFSS的除浊性能随Si/Fe摩尔比的增加逐渐下降,而除UV254的性能却逐渐升高.延长沉淀时间有利于固体PFSS混凝性能的提高.     

关于化学需氧量测定中化学反应的研究

研究了高氯样品COD测定中的化学反应,发现测定中产生的白色沉淀是AgCl而不是HgCl2,并推断了Cl-在COD测定中的反应机理.讨论了AgNO3、HgSO4加入量对测定结果的影响,重点分析了当AgNO3不足与过量时的数据.当试样体积20.00ml,按0.4g HgSO4络合2000mg/LCl-的比例,投加HgSO4掩蔽10000mg/L Cl-可取得满意结果.     

硫同位素分馏中的生物作用及其环境效应

自然界中硫同位素组成变化范围较大(-65‰~+120‰)。许多环境过程可以引起硫同位素分馏,表生环境下微生物还原硫酸盐是最重要的硫同位素分馏过程。在≤50℃条件下,厌氧细菌使硫酸盐SO42-还原成H2S,后者与金属离子结合形成硫化物或直接从体系中逸出,这种硫循环过程是造成地球各层圈中硫的轻、重同位素变异的最主要原因。但生物成因的硫同位素分馏过程复杂,受诸多因素的限制。本文综述了由生物作用导致的硫同素分馏的发生机理和影响因素,以及生物硫循环所导致的环境效应。     

渤海L油田油井生产管柱腐蚀失效原因分析及对策

目的 渤海L油田部分油井管柱频繁发生腐蚀失效穿孔,严重影响油田正常生产,为了延长井下管柱服役时间,对管柱腐蚀失效原因和防护对策进行分析.方法 采用形貌观察、金相分析和扫描电镜等手段对失效管柱及腐蚀产物进行研究,同时从油田水离子组成、腐蚀性气体、细菌含量和管柱冲蚀等方面开展腐蚀原因分析.结果 失效油井管柱主要为局部穿孔和...     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)超声波辅助浊点萃取(CPE),高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),在SDS浓度为2.75%,HCl用量为4.2mol·l-1,平衡温度为70℃.恒温时间为50min的最佳条件下,萘、芴、苊烯、菲和芘的方法检测限分别:31.40,18.84,12.56,94.20和31.40μg·l-1,线性范嗣为0-10.0 mg·l-1.     

Bioconcentration and depuration of endosulfan sulfate in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)

Endosulfan is an insecticide which has been widely used in agriculture. The technical grade material consists of two isomers (alpha and beta). Under natural environmental conditions, endosulfan is metabolized through oxidation and the main metabolite in the environment is endosulfan sulfate. Most ecotoxicology research has been conducted with technical grade endosulfan to determine effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Little data on the effects of endosulfan sulfate on aquatic organisms are available in the literature. This study characterizes endosulfan sulfate bioconcentration and depuration in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). During the study, G. affinis was exposed to an environmentally relevant endosulfan sulfate concentration of 0.25 μg L⁻¹ for 5 weeks (uptake phase) followed by a 3-week period (depuration phase) in clean water. This study found that G. affinis bioconcentrated endosulfan sulfate. During the exposure phase, fish tissue concentrations of endosulfan sulfate increased with time up to 730 μg kg⁻¹ dw or 215 μg kg⁻¹ ww. The bioconcentration data followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics better than the one-compartment first order kinetics (1-CFOK). Using these models, the bioconcentration factors for endosulfan sulfate-exposed G. affinis were from 687 to 888  L kg⁻¹ in wet weight or 2263 to 2936 L kg⁻¹ in dry weight. During the depuration phase, endosulfan sulfate concentrations in tissue significantly decreased and the data followed first order kinetics. The half-life of endosulfan sulfate in G. affinis was about 9 d. There was no significant difference in standard length or weight between control and exposed fish. The growth data followed the von Bertalanffy growth model. However, the condition factor of exposed fish increased with time during the exposure phase.