Aerosol Particle Processing and Removal by Fogs: Observations in Chemically Heterogeneous Central California Radiation Fogs

Fog composition and deposition fluxes of fog waterand fog solutes were measured in six radiation fogevents in San Joaquin Valley, California duringwinter 1998/1999. Measurements made at 2 hrintervals with 0.30 m² and 0.06 m² Teflondeposition plates yielded excellent reproducibility(relative standard deviations of 3.8–6.0%) forwater, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium. Water fluxesmeasured at 5 min intervals with a recordingbalance agreed well with the deposition platemeasurements before 8:00 AM. After 8:00 AMevaporation proved problematic. The averagedeposition velocity from the study for fog nitrate(3.8 cm s^-1) was less than those for fogsulfate (5.1 cm s^-1) and ammonium (6.7 cms^-1). All three species generally exhibitedsmaller deposition velocities than fog water. Thespecies dependent trend in deposition velocitieswas consistent with preferential enrichment ofthese species in small fog drops (nitrate > sulfate> ammonium).     

分步沉淀去除磷酸铁生产废水中的磷酸根和硫酸根

采用分步化学沉淀法分别脱除并回收磷酸铁生产废水中的高浓度磷酸根和硫酸根。实验结果表明:在以n(Fe~(3+))∶n(PO_4~(3-))=1.0的比例加入硫酸铁、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为25℃、废水初始p H为8.17、反应30 min时二次调节废水p H至5.50的条件下,磷酸根去除率可达98%以上,所得沉淀中Fe和P的质量分数分别为36.77%和18.81%,成分简单,回收价值高;采用氢氧化钙作为沉淀剂,在n(Ca~(2+))∶n(SO_4~(2-))=1.0的条件下可将废水中硫酸根质量浓度由78.62 g/L降至2.16 g/L,硫酸根去除率为97.3%,硫酸钙回收量为120.2 g/L;最终出水的磷酸根质量浓度小于0.5 mg/L,满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准。     

用聚硅酸铁铝混凝剂处理炼油厂废水

研究了以煤矸石和硫酸烧来主要原料研制的聚硅酸铁铝（ＰＳＦＡ）混凝剂对炼油厂废水的絮凝作用及混凝剂种类、用量和体系ＰＨ对混凝效果的影响,试验结果表明,在工ＰＨ范围内,ＰＳＦＡ对炼油废水具有良好的混凝处理效果。与传统混产剂相比,它具有破乳性能好、投量少、滤饼含水率低、上清液透光性好的特点。     

聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂处理油井压裂废水

制备了聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂,并用于处理油井压裂废水。制备聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的优化实验条件为：聚硅酸活化pH1~2,活化温度25~30℃,活化时间2.0h。在此条件下制备的聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂对油井压裂废水浊度和COD的去除率分别可达到97％和58％。与聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂相比,聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂在浊度及COD去除方面有着更佳的处理效果,并且处理后废水的总溶解性固体含量较低。     

磷石膏制硫酸钾的新工艺

介绍了由磷石膏制硫酸钾的新工艺：磷石膏与碳酸氯铵在5－30℃下反应,得硫酸铵溶液,该溶液与氯化钾在30℃左右反应,并添加一种有机溶剂,得硫酸钾。低温反应的优点是所得物料便于固液分离,节省加热蒸汽,减少氨挥发。添加某种有机溶剂降低了硫酸钾在体系中的溶解度,使硫酸钾收率提高到90％。此外,采用多釜串联连续反应装置,既提高了设备的生产强度,又使工艺操作条件及产品质量得到稳定。     

Functions of Straw for In Situ Remediation of Acidic Mining Lakes

The addition of straw in combination with Carbokalk, a by-product from the sugar-industry, was successfully used to stimulate microbial alkalinity generation in an acidic mining lake. To get detailed information about functions of straw, anenclosure experiment was carried out. Straw bundles were placedat the sediment surface of an acidic mining lake (ML 111) and thephysiochemical conditions and the microbiology of the sediment-water contact zone were studied. Straw was degraded by anaerobic microorganisms and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from straw bundles. Pigmented flagellates responded to the DOC supply in the water column anda considerable amount of algal carbon was transported to the sediment. Straw addition led to microbial reduction of iron andsulfate in the sediment. Sulfate reduction was observed at a pHof 5.5. The pH, however, was not high enough to precipitate H₂S completely. Thus, some H₂S diffused into the watercolumn, where it was reoxidized. Straw did not create orstabilize an anoxic water body above the sediment. Microbial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation only took place in the sediment,whereas iron reduction also took place in the straw. Straw, however, altered the flow conditions above the sediment surfaceand prevented complete mixing of the profundal water. Straw didnot serve as a substratum for a reactive biofilm. We conclude that the most important function of straw for mining lake remediation is to be a long-term nutrient source for microbialalkalinity generation in the sediment.     

Wet Strength and Water Resistance of Modified Soy Protein Adhesives and Effects of Drying Treatment

Soy protein isolate (SPI) was modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Adhesion performance of the modified SPI on fiberboard was studied. The Water-soluble mass of the modified SPI adhesives was examined following modified ASTM D5570. The SDS-modified SPI containing 91% protein had a water-soluble mass of 1.7%. To be considered a water-resistant adhesive, the water-soluble mass of adhesive should be less than 2%. The wet shear strength test showed 100% cohesive failure within fiberboard, indicating that the modified SPI has good water resistance. The effect of drying treatment on adhesion performance of the SDS-modified SPI on fiberboard was then investigated. Drying treatment significantly affected the final adhesion performance. Shear strength did not change much, but the percentage of cohesive failure within fiberboard increased markedly as drying temperature increased. All the unsoaked, soaked, and wet specimens glued by the adhesives treated at 70° or 90°C had 100% cohesive failure within fiberboard. Viscosity also increased greatly with an increase in drying temperature. This information will be useful in developing low-cost adhesive processing system in the future.     

Si-FeOOH催化臭氧氧化法降解苯胺

通过掺杂Si提高FeOOH的机械强度,制备无定型Si-FeOOH,并用于催化臭氧氧化降解苯胺。考察了n(Si)∶n(Fe)、Si-FeOOH加入量、溶液p H、初始苯胺质量浓度等因素对苯胺去除率的影响,并研究了SiFeOOH的重复利用效果与铁离子的溶出情况。实验结果表明:Si-FeOOH对臭氧氧化降解苯胺具有明显的催化作用,Si-FeOOH催化臭氧氧化对苯胺的降解效果明显高于单独臭氧氧化和FeOOH催化臭氧氧化;在溶液p H为11、Si-FeOOH加入量为1.0 g/L、n(Si)∶n(Fe)=0.55的最佳降解条件下处理初始苯胺质量浓度为300 mg/L的苯胺溶液,降解10 min后,苯胺去除率可达100%;Si-FeOOH催化剂经5次重复使用后,苯胺的去除率仍高达97.8%,且铁离子的溶出量明显低于FeOOH。     

从金属切削废料中回收镍和钴生产硫酸镍和氧化钴

以镍钴合金切削废料为原料，通过酸溶、除铁、除铬、镍钴分离等一系列步骤，回收镍和钴，生产硫酸镍和氯化钴，通过试验确定了最佳工艺条件，并对经济效益进行了分析。     

Evaluating the Risk of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils and Habitat Modification for Mosquito Control (Runneling) in Coastal Salt Marshes: Comparing Methods and Managing the Risk

Coastal environments in Australia are under development pressures. Human settlement encroaches on disease vector salt marsh mosquito breeding areas that are underlain by potential acid sulfate soils (PASS). Altering the hydrology by runneling solves the mosquito problem but may lead to acid sulfate problems. Appropriate analytical tools can assess the risk to the environment. The objective of the research was to compare three methods of assessing PASS. The study area was a low-lying intertidal subtropical salt marsh that was being considered for runneling. The results indicated that using field pH and field peroxide pH (and the relationship between these), and also the peroxide oxidation-combined acidity and sulfate (POCAS) test, appeared to overestimate the potential acidity. This was because the source of acidity in the intertidal salt marsh includes a large organic content, which is not a major environmental concern. The chromium-reducible sulfur test, which is not affected by organic content, was found to provide the most appropriate assessment, and is recommended for use in highly organic salt marshes.