压力容器设计的一般要求及技术进展

不少压力容器都要在非常严峻的工况下工作,要保证其长期安全运行,就必须在设计、选材、制造、检验及使用管理上有一整套严格的要求.介绍了在设计石油、化工用压力容器过程中,需要满足的几方面要求,并对各方面要求进行了阐述,同时指出了压力容器设计技术的进展.     

Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Microbially Produced Polysaccharide and Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends

Moisture sorption characteristics of microbial polysaccharide (Ps.C101) from Pseudomonas caryophilli and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends have been carried out at 27°C for water activity from 0.1 to 0.9. The sorption data was used to fit six different sorption isotherm models proposed in literature. The model constants were determined by linear fitting of the sorption equations. The ranges of applicability of water activity for isotherm models reported in this paper lie in between 0.1 and 0.4 for Brunaur–Emmet–Teller (BET) model (monolayer), and in between 0.2 and 0.9 for other models. The value of the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.97 ± 0.02) confirms the applicability of the equations studied.     

Sustainable Bio-Composites from Renewable Resources: Opportunities and Challenges in the Green Materials World

Sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry are guiding the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes. Biodegradable plastics and bio-based polymer products based on annually renewable agricultural and biomass feedstock can form the basis for a portfolio of sustainable, eco-efficient products that can compete and capture markets currently dominated by products based exclusively on petroleum feedstock. Natural/Biofiber composites (Bio-Composites) are emerging as a viable alternative to glass fiber reinforced composites especially in automotive and building product applications. The combination of biofibers such as kenaf, hemp, flax, jute, henequen, pineapple leaf fiber, and sisal with polymer matrices from both nonrenewable and renewable resources to produce composite materials that are competitive with synthetic composites requires special attention, i.e., biofiber–matrix interface and novel processing. Natural fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites have attained commercial attraction in automotive industries. Natural fiber—polypropylene or natural fiber—polyester composites are not sufficiently eco-friendly because of the petroleum-based source and the nonbiodegradable nature of the polymer matrix. Using natural fibers with polymers based on renewable resources will allow many environmental issues to be solved. By embedding biofibers with renewable resource–based biopolymers such as cellulosic plastics; polylactides; starch plastics; polyhydroxyalkanoates (bacterial polyesters); and soy-based plastics, the so-called green bio-composites are continuously being developed.     

塑料和橡胶类废弃物的热物理特性及焚烧特性的研究

塑料和橡胶类的废弃物是城市垃圾的重要组成。本文在新式焚烧炉中对它们的焚烧特性、污染特性进行了研究。这将有助于进一步优化新型转式焚烧炉，完善低染、低腐蚀、低粘结的废弃物的焚烧工艺。     

An Overview on the Mechanical Behaviour of Biodegradable Agricultural Films

The mechanical behavior of various types of biodegradable materials depends, mainly, on their chemical composition and the application conditions. Various additives are added into the bioblends to improve their properties, which sometimes even reach the levels of the conventional plastics. It is well known that the environmental conditions during production, storage, and usage of these materials influence their mechanical properties. Ageing during the useful lifetime also causes great losses in the elongation. In the present paper, the overall mechanical behavior of biodegradable films, which may be considered suitable for agricultural applications, but also of partially biodegradable films, is reviewed and analyzed. Selected critical mechanical properties of films before their exposure to biodegradation are investigated and compared against those of conventional agricultural films.     

Biodegradable Soy-Based Plastics: Opportunities and Challenges

Today's plastics are designed with little consideration for their ultimate disposability or the effect of the resources (feedstocks) used in making them. This has resulted in mounting worldwide concerns over the environmental consequences of such materials when they enter the mainstream after their intended uses. This led to the concept of designing and engineering new biodegradable materials–materials that have the performance characteristics of today's materials but that undergo biodegradation along with other organic waste to soil humic materials. Hence, the production of biodegradable materials from annually renewable agricultural feedstocks has attracted attention in recent years. Agricultural materials such as starches and proteins are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Soybean is a good candidate for manufacturing a large number of chemicals, including biodegradable plastics, as it is abundantly available and cheap. Soy protein concentrate, isolate, or flakes could be compounded with synthetic biodegradable plastics such as polycaprolactone or poly (lactic acid) to make molded products or edible films or shopping bags and make the environment cleaner and greener.     

泡沫塑料黄原酸酯的制备及其对含铜废水的处理研究

采用聚氨酯泡沫塑料制备得到了黄原酸酯。将其用于含铜废水的处理。实验结果表明泡沫黄原酸酯的用量、处理体系的pH、搅拌时间和沉降时间是影响铜离子去除效果的重要因素。经过聚氨酯泡沫黄原酸酯处理的含铜废水能够达到排放标准的要求。     

废塑料-环氧化橡胶制造橡塑型道路反光标志带的研究

借助环氧化天然橡胶（ＥＮＲ）分子链上环氧基团的二次反应，同废旧聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）、聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）等塑炼、压延成像塑型道路反光标志带（ＰＺ－ＭＳ），其抗拉强度等性能比Ｚ１－２型道路反光标志带（Ｚ－ＭＳ）好，同时治理了白色污染。     

摩擦对高坯料压缩稳定性的影响

采用刚塑性有限元法 ,对高坯料在平模间的压缩过程建立了刚塑性有限元模型并进行数值模拟 ,探讨数值模拟过程中横向扰动力的施加方法 ,对模拟结果进行了分析 ,最终获得了摩擦因子对坯料压缩稳定性的影响规律     

可降解塑料的开发与应用

以可降解塑料替代普通塑料作包装材料和农用薄膜,已成为发展的方向和趋势。本文比较详细地介绍了国内外对可降解塑料的研制现状和应用前景,并指出了可降解塑料在开发和应用方面所存在的一些问题。