金属板材成形的静力隐式有限元分析与程序设计

阐述了用于板材成形过程静力隐式数值模拟的弹塑性大变形有限元方法 ,基于给出的方法编制了板材成形过程数值模拟软件 ,并对矩形板的液压胀形进行了有限元分析 ,计算结果与典型的实验结果吻合很好。对球形模具拉伸成形过程进行了数值模拟 ,给出了计算结果     

中小学塑胶跑道中邻苯类塑化剂的含量监测与健康风险评估研究

近几年,"毒跑道"事件的持续爆发引起了社会公众的极大关注.邻苯二甲酸酯类(Phthalate Acid Esters, PAEs)塑化剂是塑胶跑道中的风险因子之一,但其含量监测与风险评估仍未见报道.本研究采集了13个地市中小学的83个塑胶跑道样本,使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析6种PAEs的含量,并应用美国环保署提供的PAEs评估方法评估其健康风险.结果表明,94.0%的塑胶跑道样品中检出PAEs,其中,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出率最高,达91.6%.6种PAEs(DEHP、DBP、DIDP、DINP、DNOP、BBP)含量之和(∑6PAEs)为0～26665 mg·kg~(-1),中位数为1850 mg·kg~(-1).经评估,塑胶跑道中6种PAEs的非致癌风险均低于1,对人体无明显非致癌危害.儿童和成人PAEs的致癌风险分别为8.84×10~(-6)和8.17×10~(-6),表明有一定致癌风险,但在可接受范围内.6种PAEs中,DEHP对非致癌风险和致癌风险的贡献度最大,并且儿童的风险高于成人.因此,将PAEs纳入中小学塑胶跑道的风险物质,并进行严格管控具有显著的必要性.     

纳米TiO2薄膜在不同基质表面的负载及光催化性能

以釉面陶瓷和普通钠钙玻璃为载体,用溶胶凝胶法在其表面进行了纳米TiO2薄膜的负载.采用X射线衍射法(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对薄膜进行了表征与分析.结果表明,TiO2为完全的锐钛矿型,平均粒径约为15nm;TiO2薄膜在2种载体上分布均匀,膜厚约为300nm;TiO2薄膜在釉面陶瓷表面呈连续分布,而在玻璃表面上出现了破裂现象;2种载体中的一些基质离子在TiO2薄膜均有渗透.光降解实验表明,2种载体上的TiO2薄膜对亚甲基蓝的降解均符合一级反应动力学.TiO2/釉面陶瓷催化活性大于TiO2/玻璃,该薄膜对实际生产多菌灵废水具有催化降解作用.2种载体上的TiO2薄膜重复使用20次,对亚甲基蓝的去除率降低约2%.     

基于分子发光的新型多孔塑料光纤传感探头的研究

1　IntroductionOpticalfiberchemicalsensor,whichisdevelopedfromthecombinationofoptical fiberwave guidetechniqueandhighlysensitivemolecularluminescentanalyticalmethod ,hasshownagoodapplicationprospectinenvironmentalauto monitoring .Thefabricationofsensingprobeisthekeytechniqueforopticalfiberchemicalsensor.Althoughconventionalopticalfiberprobes,suchassensingmembraneetal.[1 ]hadbeengreatlydevelopedrecently ,therearestillmanyvitalproblemsneedstobesolved .Suchas (1)theamountofphotosensitiveindicator…     

Effects of higher-order structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) on its biodegradation. II. Effects of crystal structure on microbial degradation

As one of a series of studies concerning the relationship between the higher-order structure and the biodegradability of a biodegradable plastic, the effects of the crystal structure of the plastic on microbial degradation were investigated. Bacterial poly(d-(–)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) films which had a wide range of crystallinity were prepared by the melt-quenching method. Results of the microbial degradation indicated that the development of crystallinity evidently depressed the microbial degradability. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, it is suggested that the microbial degradation proceeded in at least two manners. One was preferential degradation of the amorphous region leaving the crystalline lamellae intact, which was considered to be a homogeneous enzymatic degradation over the surface. The other was nonpreferential spherical degradation on the surface. The SEMs indicate that the spherical holes were the result of colonization by degrading bacteria. The holes varied in size and number with the change of crystal structure. Therefore, it is considered that the crystal structure of PHB also influenced the physiological behavior of the degrading bacteria on the PHB surface.     

内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管极限载荷研究

油气管道一旦发生泄漏失效容易引发爆炸等灾难性事故,而管路中的弯管段是容易发生失效的部分,弯管段承载能力的高低将影响整个管道系统的安全性。为了解决油气管线中弯管的失效问题,考虑几何和材料非线性,建立内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管的有限元模型,并与爆破试验结果对比验证模型的有效性,确定管道的失效判定准则。研究表明影响弯管极限载荷的主要因素有缺陷的几何尺寸、相对位置以及弯曲半径。基于模拟计算,讨论各因素对含缺陷弯管极限载荷的影响规律,通过对计算结果进行非线性拟合,提出内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管的极限内压预测公式。该公式将为含缺陷弯管的剩余强度评价和完整性评价提供一定依据。     

FLOOD INUNDATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES FROM AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE IMAGERY1

ABSTRACT: Panchromatic black and white, color, and color infrared photographs and thermal infrared imagery are compared for a capability to show flood boundaries. In open agricultural and urban areas, these boundaries are easily delineated on all types of am. Boundaries are more difficult to see in wooded areas. In March, hardwood trees are dormant, but black and white photographs and color photographs show only the tops of these trees. Color infrared photographs in January and March have a distinctive color or tone in inundated woods; the limit of this tone is the flood boundary. Daytime thermal infrared imagery in March shows that inundated woods are cooler than dry land but warmer than open water. After about April 1, both color infrared photography and thermal infrared imagery show only the top of the tree canopy and do not reflect underlying flood water. Inundated areas can be delineated easily on ERTS satellite imagery from December through March. On imagery from May 4–5, 1973, however, most inundation boundaries had to be drawn as dashed lines; the tree canopy obscures flood waters in wooded areas. Despite this problem, the results of mapping flood boundaries on May imagery are believed to be reasonable for the scale of the imagery.     

UV／TiO2薄膜体系光降解酞酸酯研究

采用自制玻璃负载TiO2薄膜，研究了UV-Vis／TiO2以及UV／TiO2／H2O2体系对2种酞酸酯DBP和DEHP的光催化降解情况。研究结果表明，TiO2在暗处对酞酸酯没有降解作用；UV／TiO2体系能有效光降解DBP和DEHP，TiO2具有明显的光催化作用，增强因子分别为，fDBP=2．06，fDEHP=1．53；在一定浓度范围内DBP在UV／TiO2体系中的降解速率与其初始浓度成负一级动力学关系；UV／TiO2／H2O2体系对DBP的光降解能力远大于UV／TiO2和UV／H2O2体系，H2O2能显著提高TiO2的光催化活性。     

The role of interfacial films in the mass transfer of naphthalene from creosotes to water

Viscous, semi-rigid interfacial films that are formed at the interface of certain multi-component non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPLs) and water can significantly reduce the rates of mass transfer of solutes. Creosote-water systems were investigated for their ability to form interfacial films. The effects of these films on the creosote-water partition and on mass transfer of a representative solute, naphthalene, were investigated in a series of experiments. The area-independent mass transfer coefficient of naphthalene contained in creosote decreased by 30% over a 1-week period in systems containing creosote and water. Further aging for up to 21 days did not result in significant additional decreases in the mass transfer coefficient. The creosote-water partition coefficient, however, did not change with extended contact. The presence of viscous interfacial films in creosote-water systems was demonstrated in pendant drop tests. These interfacial films most likely caused the reduction in solute mass transfer coefficients by providing significant resistance to the diffusion of solutes through the interfacial film. Results from mass transfer experiments conducted under different system conditions suggested that hindered diffusion of naphthalene through the bulk creosote phase, changes in composition of creosote as a result of extended dissolution, or changes in creosote-water interfacial area did not contribute to the decrease in naphthalene mass transfer coefficient.     

Bromine in waste incineration partitioning and influence on metal volatilisation

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: The halogen bromine is far less abundant than chlorine, but it can be found at high concentrations in special materials like flame retarded plastics. The fate and effects of Br in waste incineration are not well understood. It may have similar implications like Cl for the volatilisation of heavy metals and the formation of low volatile organic compounds. Due to its lower oxidation potential, there is a risk of formation of elementary Br2 in the offgas. OBJECTIVE: Co-combustion tests of different types of Br containing plastic waste materials (up to 22%) and MSW in the TAMARA pilot plant for waste incineration were conducted to investigate the Br partitioning and the influence of Br on metal volatilisation. METHODS: The Br inventory of the fuel mix was elevated to approx. 1 wt-%. All input and output mass flows of the furnace have been sampled and the partitioning of Cl, Br, S, and a number of heavy metals, has been calculated on the basis of closed mass balances. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Organically-bound Br was typically released to more than 90% into the raw gas. Elementary Br2 was detected at high Br levels. Its presence was always analysed when all SO2 in the raw gas was oxidised to SO3. Br enhances the volatilisation of metals like K, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb out of the fuel bed principally in the same way as Cl. The tests gave strong indication that the promoting influence of the halogens on metal volatilisation is more pronounced than that of the fuel bed temperature. The volatilised metals are condensated on the fly ashes and are discharged along with the filter ashes. CONCLUSIONS: As long as a surplus of SO2 is present in the raw gas no Br2 is formed. Although the halogen induced transfer out of the fuel bed causes high concentrations of volatile metals in the filter ashes, a recovery is not economically feasible for the time being. The volatilisation gives no rise to metal emission problems as long as efficient dedusting is achieved. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: If there is a risk of Br2 formation, in wet scrubbing a reducing agent has to be added to the neutral scrubber for efficient abatement. Filter ashes should be disposed of in a way that enables access for recovery in the future. The exact volatilisation characteristics of the various metals have to be studied in future using specifically tailored experiments.