环境重金属污染的细菌修复与检测

日益严重的环境重金属污染引起政府和科技工作者的广泛关注,以细菌为研究对象的生物修复与检测技术已成为环境科学领域中一大研究热点.细菌可通过对重金属的吸附富集、氧化还原、成矿沉淀、淋滤、协同植物吸收等作用修复环境重金属污染.在重金属污染环境中,细菌为响应重金属的胁迫而产生的种群结构、生物量和生理代谢活性的变化信息可用于重金属生物有效性的检测.本文从细菌对重金属的耐性、环境重金属污染的细菌修复和检测等方面综述该领域近10年的研究进展,并就目前存在的问题提出今后亟待开展的研究.参86     

外源基因在乳酸菌中的表达

乳酸菌表达系统是近几年发展起来的一种高效表达系统．由于许多乳酸菌具有益生菌的特点，该系统已被广泛用于外源基因的表达．相对于其他细菌表达系统而言，乳酸菌表达系统具有多种优势．本文就该系统的优势及其发展前景进行了阐述．参20     

parDE基因对重组质粒pLM2在Enterobacter gergoviae 57-7中稳定性的影响

将 parDE基因克隆到载有组成型表达nifA基因的质粒 pST10 2 1上 ,得到重组质粒pLM2 .将 pLM2 ,pST10 2 1分别转到玉米联合固氮菌Enteorbactergergoviae 5 7 7(E5 7 7) ,获得转化子E5 7 7(pLM2 ) ,E5 7 7(pST10 2 1) ,二者在c(NH+ 4 ) =5 0mmolL-1的Kp培养基中表达的固氮活性一致 .将pLM2 ,pST10 2 1分别转到E .coliDH5α(pMGFP2 .1) ,培养物用 4 88nm光激发后在 5 10nm均有相同的的荧光特征发射峰 .上述实验表明 ,重组质粒pLM2仍保留了原质粒pST10 2 1中nifA的功能 .但质粒 pLM2和 pST10 2 1在E5 7 7中的稳定性试验表明 ,E5 7 7(pST10 2 1)在无抗生素的LB中继代培养 70代后 ,质粒几乎全部丢失 (仅存 1% ) ;而E5 7 7(pLM2 )继代培养 10 0代后 ,质粒全部存在 (10 0 % ) .图 4表 1参 12     

无色硫细菌氧化SRB还原硫酸盐产物硫化氢生成单质硫

以人工合成含硫化物废水作为进水 ,采用以陶粒为填料、小试规模的逆流式和顺流式好氧CSB(无色硫细菌 )生物膜反应器 ,在常温 ( 1 7℃～2 2℃ )、HRT为 2 6min、进水pH为 7.0和对反应器中pH不进行控制的条件下 ,研究了利用CSB将水中硫化物转化成单质硫的可行性及条件。实验表明 :为达到硫的最大回收率 ,在硫化物低负荷(NS <6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时建议采用顺流式 ,高负荷 (NS>6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时采用逆流式 ;反应器内的最佳DO值与进水硫化物容积负荷呈线性关系 ,出水pH值和出水pH值的升高值与硫的回收率呈线性关系。此外还研究了反冲洗对生物脱硫效果的影响及尾气中H2 S的生物去除     

极端嗜热厌氧纤维素菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及其酶学性质的研究

从云南高温温泉、油井等热源地区采集的大量样品中,获得了一株特殊的极端嗜热厌氧纤维素分解菌B2.分离菌株直杆,革兰氏阴性(G-),未观察到孢子,细胞单个或成对出现.菌体大小为0.4μm×(2-4)μm,严格厌氧,生长温度范围50-70℃,最适生长温度65℃.pH范围4-8,最适pH 7.0.在纤维素粉琼脂上菌落直径2-4 mm,乳白色.分离菌株能利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、松子糖、淀粉、覃糖等作为碳源,分离菌株还可利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆.发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸.在菌株B2的纤维素酶系中,C1酶、Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适温度分别为80℃、80℃和70℃,其比值为1:9:10,同时发现Cx酶具有较高的热稳定性.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株B2与Thermoanaerobacter ethanalicus具有99.8％相似性.分离菌株B2为Thermoanaerobacter属.图5表3参21     

污泥膨胀形成机理及控制措施研究现状和进展

污泥膨胀现象在全球污水处理厂普遍存在,已成为制约活性污泥工艺发展的重大难题之一.本文总结了丝状细菌研究现状;重点阐述了当前引起污泥膨胀的主要机理;说明了基于这些机理的选择器控制理论;给出了主要的选择器类型.对当前关于污泥膨胀的研究进展和方向,分别从微生物和数学模型2个方面进行了讨论,最后,提出了一系列亟待解决的问题.     

Microbial growth and transport in porous media under denitrification conditions: experiments and simulations

Soil column experiments were conducted to study bacterial growth and transport in porous media under denitrifying conditions. The study used a denitrifying microbial consortium isolated from aquifer sediments sampled at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site. One-dimensional, packed-column transport studies were conducted under two substrate loading conditions. A detailed numerical model was developed to predict the measured effluent cell and substrate concentration profiles. First-order attachment and detachment models described the interphase exchange processes between suspended and attached biomass. Insignificantly different detachment coefficient values of 0.32 and 0.43 day⁻¹, respectively, were estimated for the high and low nitrate loading conditions (48 and 5 mg l⁻¹ NO₃, respectively). Comparison of these values with those calculated from published data for aerobically growing organisms shows that the denitrifying consortium had lower detachment rate coefficients. This suggests that, similar to detachment rates in reactor-grown biofilms, detachment in porous media may increase with microbial growth rate. However, available literature data are not sufficient to confirm a specific analytical model for predicting this growth dependence.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳质絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养．小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水，对ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ＋４Ｎ的去除率达１００％，而且能回收数量可观（７８１ｍｇ（干重）／（Ｌ·ｄ）），营养价值高（蛋白质含量为４９３ｇ／１００ｇ（干重））的螺旋藻，还研究了ｐＨ、溶解氧、光照、光合细菌密度等因子对ＰＳＢ去除废水有机质的影响．     

磁场对固定化紫色非硫光合细菌脱氢酶影响的研究

研究磁场作用对固定化紫色非硫光合细菌（ＰＳＢ）脱氢酶活力的影响，选出可产生最佳磁生物效应的磁场值，并证明磁场作用一定累积效应，实验结果表明在最佳磁场作用下，最适温度为３０－４０℃，最适ｐＨ值为８，脱氢酶活力可提高３０％左右，有良好热稳定性和ｐＨ稳定性。在４℃冰箱保存４５至２１０ｄ，磁场对脱氢酶活力影响基本稳定，可保持提高２０％。磁场对菌液中加某些金属离子（Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋）ｂｎ