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161.
研究了氟碳表面活性剂添加量、氟碳表面活性剂性质和泡沫液浓度等对空心微珠三相泡沫在油面稳定性的影响,并在模拟燃烧装置上对比了添加氟碳表面活性剂前后三相泡沫的抗烧能力.结果表明,加入氟碳表面活性剂后,三相泡沫在油面的稳定性显著增强,且阴离子氟碳表面活性剂优于阳离子和两性离子表面活性剂.当阴离子氟碳表面活性剂、空心玻璃微珠和蛋白泡沫浓度分别为0.02%、6%和10%时,三相泡沫受热后表面形成黑色致密覆盖层,可有效隔绝热量向内部传递,使抗烧性得到明显提高. 相似文献
162.
Ana Isabel Barrado Susana García Marisa Luisa Sevillano Jose Antonio Rodríguez Enrique Barrado 《Chemosphere》2013
Thirteen PAHs, five nitro-PAHs and two hydroxy-PAHs were determined in 55 vapor-phase samples collected in a suburban area of a large city (Madrid, Spain), from January 2008 to February 2009. The data obtained revealed correlations between the concentrations of these compounds and a series of meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, atmospheric pressure) and physical–chemical factors (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur oxides). As a consequence, seasonal trends were observed in the atmospheric pollutants. A “mean sample” for the 14-month period would contain a total PAH concentration of 13 835 ± 1625 pg m−3 and 122 ± 17 pg m−3 of nitro-PAHs. When the data were stratified by season, it emerged that a representative sample of the coldest months would contain 18 900 ± 2140 pg m−3 of PAHs and 150 ± 97 pg m−3 of nitro-PAHs, while in an average sample collected in the warmest months, these values drop to 9293 ± 1178 pg m−3 for the PAHs and to 97 ± 13 pg m−3 for the nitro-PAHs. Total vapor phase concentrations of PAHs were one order of magnitude higher than concentrations detected in atmospheric aerosol samples collected on the same dates. Total nitro-PAH concentrations were comparable to their aerosol concentrations whereas vapor phase OH-PAHs were below their limits of the detection, indicating these were trapped in airborne particles. 相似文献
163.
Both long duration (>6 h) and high temperature (up to 139 °C) sampling efforts were conducted using ambient air sampling methods to determine if either high volume throughput or higher than ambient air sampling temperatures resulted in loss of target polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) from a polyurethane foam (PUF) sorbent. Emissions from open burning of simulated military forward operating base waste were sampled using EPA Method TO-9A for 185 min duration using a filter/PUF/PUF in series combination. After a 54 m3 sample was collected, the sampler was removed from the combustion source and the second PUF was replaced with a fresh, clean PUF. An additional 6 h of ambient air sampling (171 m3) was conducted and the second PUF was analyzed to determine if the PCDD/PCDF transferred from the filter and the first PUF. Less than 4.4% of the initial PCDD/PCDF was lost to the second PUF. To assess the potential for blow off of PCDD/PCDF analytes during open air sampling, the mobility of spiked mono- to hepta-PCDD/PCDF standards across a PUF sorbent was evaluated from ambient air temperatures to 145 °C with total volumes between 600 L and 2400 L. Lower molecular weight compounds and higher flow amounts increased release of the spiked standards consistent with vapor pressure values. At 600 L total sampled volume, the release temperature for 1% of the tetra-CDD (the lowest chlorinated homologue with a toxic compound) was 87 °C; increasing the volume fourfold reduced this temperature to 73 °C. 相似文献
164.
水分影响下阴燃传播及气相反应发生的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了解阴燃传播及其反应状态发生变化的特点,采用一半干燥一半加湿的聚氨酯泡沫材料进行实验。在自然对流条件下,阴燃由下到上从干材料传播到湿材料。各次实验中阴燃在干材料部分都保持稳定传播,而湿材料部分所设计的含水率则从8.4%到21.7%。水分的吸热作用使阴燃状态随含水率大小发生极大的变化。在含水率较小时,阴燃仍能继续传播但温度和速度都有所下降;含水率稍大时,阴燃反应受到抑制,在内部有氧气剩余的情况下则会发生气相反应;当含水率进一步增大,阴燃就会熄灭。如果阴燃能传播到材料末端,外界的大量氧气进入阴燃区将使其向明火发生转化。 相似文献
165.
Preparations of TiO2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
HU Hai XIAO Wen-jun YUAN Jian SHI Jian-wei CHEN Ming-xi SHANG GUAN Wen-feng 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(1):80-85
Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2+ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst. 相似文献
166.
广州市区人工湖泊PFU原生动物群落群集过程及其对水质差异的指示作用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
应用PFU法(GB/T12990-91)对广州市区主要湖泊——流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖的原生动物群落与水质进行研究.结果表明:用PFU法所测定和计算的原生动物群集的种类数、植鞭虫指数、群集参数(SeqG、T90%)、群落多样性指数d和群落污染值(CPV)等都能较好地指示3个人工湖泊水质的差异,水质由优到劣的排列顺序为麓湖>荔湾湖>流花湖.流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖目前虽仍处于富营养状态,但清污截流等对城市湖泊污染的综合治理措施可以减少湖泊外部营养物负荷及沉积物内负荷,降低水体的营养盐含量,有助于原生动物群落的恢复.图3表3参16 相似文献
167.
以膨胀石墨与氧化锌为原料,采用复合改性法改性聚氨酯海绵,在硅烷偶联剂的作用下,用月桂酸的醇溶液表面修饰后制备出改性聚氨酯海绵. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与接触角测定仪进行表征,对改性聚氨酯海绵的吸油、吸水及循环使用性能进行了测定,并试验获得了最佳的油水分离条件. 结果表明:改性聚氨酯海绵具有良好的疏水超亲油性,在膨胀石墨分散液与氧化锌胶体溶液体积比为1∶1时,对于质量浓度为20 g/L的机油水溶液,饱和单位吸油量最高可达17.7 g/g,对机油的选择性吸附系数为10.41,油水分离效果最佳;在选择吸附过程中,15 min以内油水分离效率就能达到78.41%;改性聚氨酯海绵每次循环利用后,单位吸油量的减幅均低于7.3%,循环使用性能良好. 研究显示,该种改性聚氨酯海绵对油水体系中的油类具有很好的选择性,吸附完成后,经过简单的挤压将油回收后即可循环利用,具有便捷、高效、循环、无二次污染的特性. 相似文献
168.
169.
YOU Ke-wei GE Yun-shan HU Bin NING Zhan-wu ZHAO Shou-tang ZHANG Yan-ni XIE Peng 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1208-1213
The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (TD-GC/MS).Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17.A room-size,environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions (temperature,humidity,horizontal and vertical airflow velocity,and background VOCs concentration).Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct (4940μg/m~3 in the new vehicle A,1240μg/m~3 in used vehicle B,and 132μg/m~3 in used vehicle C),toluene,xylene,some aromatic compounds,and various C_7-C_(12) alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested.In addition,tetramethyl succinonitrile,possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B.The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors,such as,vehicle age, vehicle model,temperature,air exchange rate,and environment airflow velocity.For example,if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s,the vehicle's air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h~(-1) to 0.67 h~(-1),and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201μg/m~3. 相似文献
170.