国内尾矿库物理模型试验研究现状分析*

为提高尾矿库物理试验的科学性与可靠性,采用文献资料收集与分析方法,对国内尾矿库物理模型试验的研究现状与主要成果进行梳理和归纳;总结试验模型存在的问题与不足。结果表明:溃坝机理试验主要研究了管涌渗透、洪水漫顶、地震作用下的溃坝及其演化过程;下游演进试验主要揭示了溃坝过程中泥深、冲击力、流速、泄砂量、淹没范围等时空分布规律;稳定性评价试验主要利用物理试验得到的浸润线位置、尾砂沉积分布等数据建立数值模型,对尾矿库筑坝过程、不同工程状况下的稳定性进行分析;防护试验主要对坝体加筋及拦挡坝防护效果等进行研究。从溃坝机理与过程、溃坝主要影响因素、溃坝下泄物运移过程、物理模型设计和构建、监测技术和手段等方面提出相应的研究建议,供研究学者参考借鉴。     

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China

To determine the potential input sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to fish farming environments in South China, samples of seven various environmental matrices were collected from October 2006-September 2007. Tri- to deca-BDEs were detected in all samples analyzed, with mean concentrations (±standard deviations) at 5.7 ± 3.6 ng/L in pond water, 15 ± 11 ng/g dry wt. in pond sediment, 12 ± 3.8 ng/g dry wt. in bank soil, 21 ± 20 ng/g lipid wt. in fish, and 93 ± 62 ng/g lipid wt. in fish feeds. In addition, BDE-209 was the major constituent in all samples except fish and BDE-47 was predominant in fish samples. Relatively high abundances of BDE-49 were detected in all the samples compared to those in the penta-BDE technical products. Several bioaccumulation factors were evaluated. Finally, statistical analyses suggested that fish feed, as well as pond water at a lesser degree, may have been the major source of PBDEs in freshwater farmed fish.     

Chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn in stormwater, roadway dust and stormwater pond sediments

This study evaluated the chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn from source to deposition in a stormwater system. Cu and Zn concentrations and chemical fractionation were determined for roadway dust, roadway runoff and pond sediments. Stormwater Cu and Zn concentrations were used to generate cumulative frequency distributions to characterize potential exposure to pond-dwelling organisms. Dissolved stormwater Zn exceeded USEPA acute and chronic water quality criteria in approximately 20% of storm samples and 20% of the storm duration sampled. Dissolved Cu exceeded the previously published chronic criterion in 75% of storm samples and duration and exceeded the acute criterion in 45% of samples and duration. The majority of sediment Cu (92-98%) occurred in the most recalcitrant phase, suggesting low bioavailability; Zn was substantially more available (39-62% recalcitrant). Most sediment concentrations for Cu and Zn exceeded published threshold effect concentrations and Zn often exceeded probable effect concentrations in surface sediments.     

采用浅水盘加湿方式实现低温高湿应力

目前运用最为广范的加湿方法是利用浅水盘加湿,根据其加湿原理分析,浅水盘加湿方法一般只能控制在常温以上的湿度。本文介绍一种方法,结合湿度原理在不对设备进行改造的情况下实现了低温高湿的试验应力。同时,反应出国外某些先进设备对试验风险的完善考虑。     

生态塘技术特点及应用实例

用生态塘系统工艺处理石化废水,分析青肯泡石化废水生态处理系统和山东省东营市污水处理与利用生态系统的工程实例。工程运行结果显示:生态塘系统处理石化废水效果显著,出水分别达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》二级和1A标准,生态塘系统处理石化废水具有投资少、维护和运行费用低、可改善和恢复生态环境等优点,是一种低成本高效益的生态工程技术。     

Reproductive ecology of the pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) in the Northeastern part of the species range

In Belarussian Polesye, characteristics of reproduction, population dynamics, and factors responsible for a decrease in the abundance of the pond turtle were studied. The main factors limiting pond turtle reproduction in Polesye include the focal distribution of its populations and limited areas of reproductive biotopes. The pond-turtle popuation itself is characterized by a high potential for reproductive growth; in the current situation, the population growth is mainly limited by a high pressure of oophagous predators and anthropogenic destruction of reproductive sites.     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

围垦养殖与退塘还湿对闽江河口湿地土壤铁碳结合特征的影响

为探究围垦养殖与退塘还湿对河口湿地土壤铁-碳结合特征的影响,本研究选择福建省闽江河口天然湿地、养殖塘以及退塘还湿样地为研究对象,对3个类型中的土壤铁结合态有机碳(Fe-OC)及其相关指标进行测定与分析.结果显示：(1)湿地围垦养殖显著影响土壤Fe-OC含量,其含量在退塘还湿后有所回升;(2)土壤氧化还原过程显著影响土壤中铁相的转化,湿地围垦后土壤中无定形态铁(Fe_o)与络合态铁(Fe_p)含量显著下降(p<0.05),而退塘还湿后土壤中游离态铁(Fe_d)含量显著下降(p<0.05);(3)养殖塘复湿初期,土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量低于养殖塘,且3样地中土壤Fe-OC均主要以吸附途径结合,其在土壤总有机碳中的占比为4.25%～7.85%;(4)土壤Fe-OC含量与土壤SOC、Fe_p、氧化铁的络合度呈显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Fe_o含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),土壤容重和pH是影响土壤Fe-OC含量的重要环境因素.湿地围垦养殖与退塘还湿能够显著影响...     

Phosphorus sorption capacities in a headstream landscape The pond chain structure

Understanding phosphorus sorption phenomena in different wetland sediments is important in controlling the P output in headstream watersheds. The pond chain structure （PCS） is widespread in the headstream agricultural watersheds in the southeast of China. Phosphorus sorption characteristics were determined for pond surface sediments （0-12 cm） along a pond chain structure in Liuchahe watershed of Chaohu Lake. Results showed that P sorption capacities （expressed by P sorption index （PSI）） varied both with the landscape position of the ponds and sediment depth. From foothill ponds to riverside ponds the P sorption capacities indicated a significant gradient variability. The higher elevation ponds showed greater sorption capacities, and with the pond elevation decline, P sorption capacities gradually decreased. Some physico-chemical properties, such as pH, oxalate-extractable Fe （Feox）, organic matter （TOC） and Mehlich l-extractable Ca, Mg of pond sediments also indicated significant gradient variability from high elevation ponds to low elevation ponds. Feox was the sediment parameters most highly positively correlated with PSI and was the key factor in controlling P sorption capacity in the pond chain structure （r=0.92, p〈0.001）. Long-term hydrologic and sediment inputs can affect the distribution of sediment constituents and further affect the P sorption capacity. Making the best of the spatial difference of sorption capacities of ponds in watersheds to control nonpoint source P pollutant is necessary.     

源头农业区不同类型水塘中水体沉积物磷吸附容量

湖泊和湿地沉积物性质受到其所在流域土地利用的显著影响.本实验以一个源头小流域的水塘系统为例,研究了位于不同土地利用中的水塘沉积物磷吸附特征.由于水塘分散于不同土地利用中,接收来自于不同土地利用的径流和土壤颗粒,水塘系统提供了研究磷吸附性质的极好范例.研究表明:水塘沉积物具有强的磷吸附容量.吸附最大值(S_max)为228～974mg·kg^-1,平衡浓度(EPC0)为0.004～0.032mg·L^-1,平均饱和度(DPS)仅为9.5%.水塘周围土地利用明显影响沉积物物理化学性质和吸附性质.对于S_max,周围土地利用为林地的山塘最大,而周围土地利用为村庄的村塘最小,其顺序为山塘>旱塘>田塘>河塘>村塘.对于EPC_O则正好相反,山塘<旱塘<田塘<河塘<村塘.分析表明,草酸浸提态铁(Fe_ox)同磷吸附最大值S_max具有显著正相关关系(r²=0.85,p<0.001),而KCl浸提态磷(KCl-P)同平衡浓度EPC_O具有显著正相关关系(r²=0.83,p<0.001).多重回归分析表明草酸浸提态铁(Fe_ox)和KCl浸提态磷(KCl-P)是控制水塘沉积物磷吸附的关键因子.