利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究燃煤尘质谱特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和再悬浮采样器联用的方式对燃煤电厂烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征进行测定,并使用颗粒物粒径分级采样仪ELPI测定其粒径分布特征.研究表明,SPAMS监测得到的粒径分布与ELPI结果差异较大,SPAMS对于500 nm以上粒径段检测效果较好;两个样品正谱图中有非常明显的锂、钙、钛、铝等金属组分信号和碳组分信号特征,负谱图中硅酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等信号比较明显,并且随着粒径的增加碳组分、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等组分对应的信号强度逐渐减弱,而硅酸盐、铝、钙和钛等组分对应的信号强度逐渐增强;对两个样品使用ART-2a聚类获得多个颗粒物类别,分析表明,它们均含有元素碳二次类(硫酸盐和硝酸盐缩写为二次Sec)、有机碳二次类、铝元素碳类、铝钙硅酸盐类和富硅酸盐类等颗粒物类别,并且随着粒径的增加金属硅酸盐颗粒出现频率增大,而含碳颗粒与硫酸盐出现频率降低.但烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征呈显著差异,下载灰样品更能代表燃煤源真实排放特征.建议在今后建立基于单颗粒质谱固定源成分谱时,应使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪在外场进行实测,并使用聚类的方法提取不同粒径段上的源质谱特征,可能会取得更好的效果.     

宣城向阳剖面网纹红土粒度端元分析及指示意义

对宣城向阳剖面的109个网纹红土样本做粒度分析和地球化学元素分析,并对粒度数据采用合适的端元分解方法,将各端元与地球化学指标在深度上进行了对比.结果 认为:端元法可以把代表此区域3种不同动力的沉积端元(EM)分离出来,并可以定量地分析各自所占比重及各个阶段每种动力各自的沉积变化.EM1明显指示着对原有沉积物的成壤改造作...     

室内颗粒物在玻璃表面的沉积与黏附特性

为研究室内颗粒物的自然沉降和黏附玻璃表面的规律,将普通硅酸盐玻璃载玻片以与水平面呈不同夹角(0°,45°和90°)放置于实验室中,研究载玻片表面在未处理、经玻璃清洗剂或TiO₂处理条件下,不同放置时间(1,3,10和30 d)内其黏附颗粒物的特性.结果表明:经TiO₂预处理的载玻片表面黏附的颗粒物质量与放置时间呈正比,与水平面夹角呈反比;而未处理和经玻璃清洗剂处理的载玻片的上述关系不明显.经清洗剂预处理的载玻片表面的颗粒物数浓度、遮光比相对较小,说明可以通过表面预处理防止玻璃表面黏尘.载玻片表面黏附颗粒物的平均粒径不随放置时间、与水平面夹角和预处理试剂种类变化而明显改变,粒径主要集中在15～25 μm.      

流化床煤焦混烧飞灰富集污染物的研究

针对310t·h-1煤焦混烧循环流化床锅炉,研究了不同工况下飞灰的粒径分布、孔隙结构及重金属、有机物的富集规律.结果表明,煤焦混烧情况下只有不到30%的飞灰粒径大于70μm.随着供氧量的增加、负荷降低、Ca/S比增大.小颗粒飞灰的体积分数增大.不同重金属的转移特性不同,锅炉负荷对重金属分布影响较大.飞灰中3环、4环多环芳烃含量较大,不同因素对各环数多环芳烃分布的影响不同.     

Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure

It is unclear whether certain plant species and plant diversity could reduce the impacts of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil microbial structure and soil enzyme activities. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity and microbial similarity in planted and unplanted soil under combined cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution. A metal hyperaccumulator, Brassica juncea, and a common plant, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, were used in this research. The results showed that microorganism quantity in planted soil significantly increased, compared with that in unplanted soil with Cd and Pb pollution. The order of microbial community sensitivity in response to Cd and Pb stress was as follows: actinomycetes>bacteria>fungi. Respiration, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activity were significantly inhibited due to Cd and Pb stress. Compared with unplanted soil, planted soils have frequently been reported to have higher rates of microbial activity due to the presence of additional surfaces for microbial colonization and organic compounds released by the plant roots. Two coexisting plants could increase microbe population and the activity of phosphatases, dehydrogenases and, in particular, ureases. Soil enzyme activity was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil in this study. Heavy metal pollution decreased the richness of the soil microbial community, but plant diversity increased DNA sequence diversity and maintained DNA sequence diversity at high levels. The genetic polymorphism under heavy metal stress was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil.     

沈阳市室内空气细菌与真菌粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法观测了室内空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布、粒数中值直径和沉降量．结果表明，室内空气细菌粒子浓度为真菌粒子浓度的２．５倍，细菌粒数中值直径为真菌粒数中值直径的１．４倍，细菌粒子沉降量为真菌粒子沉降量的５，３倍。＜８．２μｍ的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度差别不大，而＞８．２μｍ的空气细苗比真苗粒子浓度高４．１倍．＜８．２μｍ的可吸入真菌粒数百分比大于＜８．２μｍ的细菌粒数百分比．在一天的７：００时～２２：００时，室内空气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、沉降量均呈双峰变化；细苗和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．８２２，细菌和真菌粒子沉降量的相关系数为０．８９６，均呈明显的正相关关系；细菌和真菌粒数中值直径的相关系数为－０．０９６，相关关系不大。     

Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放粒径分布特征

目前细颗粒物区域污染已成为普遍现象,控制燃煤电厂细颗粒物的排放是控制大气中细颗粒物的重要途径之一,而了解燃煤电厂细颗粒物的排放粒径分布及其形成的可能原因和影响因素显得尤为重要.针对浙江某电厂660 MW燃煤机组,在120、100、90和85℃四种不同运行工况下,采用Dekati ELPI+对电除尘器入口和出口以及烟囱60 m横断面处烟尘进行多平台同步采样测试,以研究该电厂所排放细颗粒物的粒径分布特征、不同工况下细颗粒物的排放浓度及其变化规律.结果表明:① 不同工况下,电除尘器出口和烟囱60 m横断面处颗粒物数浓度都主要集中在亚微米态（粒径 < 1 μm）,并随粒径增大而数浓度快速减小.② 随着烟冷器出口烟气温度的降低,烟气经过除尘装置后,无论是颗粒数浓度还是质量浓度均有一定程度的下降,但当烟气温度降至90℃时,继续降温对电除尘器除尘效果的影响基本趋于恒定.③ 无论燃用设计煤还是校验煤,当烟冷器出口烟气温度相对较低时,经脱硫后积聚模态颗粒物质量浓度较除尘后有明显增加;而烟气温度较高时,呈现出脱硫后较除尘后粗模态颗粒物质量浓度增长的现象.④ 当原烟气稀释倍数从7倍增至10倍时,6~27 nm粒径段颗粒物数浓度呈指数倍增长,说明稀释过程主要影响纳米级颗粒物的数浓度.⑤ 燃用设计煤,烟冷器出口烟气温度90℃时,电除尘器对PM₁的去除效果最明显为63.9%~99.8%,可见降低电除尘器入口运行烟温,可促进其对亚微米态颗粒物的捕集率.      

土壤颗粒级配对镉吸附-解吸规律的影响

利用甘肃金川某地土壤通过批实验进行等温吸附和动力学解吸实验,研究不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附、解吸特征,并采用Freundlich和一级动力学方程对其吸附解吸方程进行拟合。结果表明,(1)Freundlich和一级动力学方程对该土壤吸附、解吸镉的实验适用;(2)等温吸附实验中4组不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附性很强,最大平衡吸附量依次为260.667、286.107、299.362和292.232 mg/kg,吸附性能与颗粒级配中的细粒土相对含量大小成正比;(3)4组土壤对镉的解吸在初期2 h内解吸速率均较快,在3 h左右达到吸附-解吸平衡。平衡后4组土样Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的最大解吸量依次为0.752、0.561、0.44和0.54 mg/kg,解吸速率和平衡时最大解吸量均与颗粒级配中细颗粒相对含量密切相关。     

杭州市大气超细颗粒数浓度谱季节性特征

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)对杭州市大气超细颗粒进行监测,并对杭州市2011～2012年大气超细颗粒物的数浓度、粒径分布的季节变化及其与气象之间的关系进行研究.结果表明,杭州市超细颗粒数浓度呈对数双峰分布,季节变化特征为冬季>夏季>春季>秋季,12月值最高,为3.56×104cm-3,10月最低,为2.51×104cm-3.CMD(count medium diameter)季节变化特征为春>冬>秋>夏,4月最高,为53.51 nm;6月最低,为16.68 nm.气象因素对超细颗粒数浓度有一定影响.