pH对活性污泥表面特性和形态结构的影响

采用4个平行的序批式反应器,研究了不同pH下活性污泥絮体表面特性和形态结构的变化.结果表明:酸性条件下(pH=4.0,5.5)污泥产生的胞外聚合物总量较多,其中多糖和蛋白质的含量远大于中性(pH=7.0)和偏碱性条件(pH=9.0).污泥表面Zeta电位随pH的升岛而降低;pH对污泥相对疏水性的影响规律并不明显,EPS组成比例较EPS总量本身更易影响污泥表面相对疏水性;此外,在酸性条件下,丝状菌大量生长,导致污泥絮体的平均粒径增大,并且呈现双峰粒径分布,絮体分形维数较低,结构松散;在中性条件下,无明显丝状菌牛长,絮体平均粒径减小,分形维数较高,结构致密;偏碱性条件下,虽然没有出现大量丝状菌,但絮体平均粒径较中性条件略有增大,分形维数相应减小.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的北运河水体及沉积物微生物群落组成对比分析

微生物群落在沉积物和水生态系统中的物质循环中发挥重要作用,是水生态系统与沉积物之间污染物质交换的桥梁.但非常规补给水源扰动和闸坝、衬砌截流为主的城市河道水体和沉积物微生物对比研究并不多见,基于此以高度人工化的北运河京津冀段为研究区域,尝试利用高通量测序结果对水体和沉积物微生物群落组成差异进行分析.结果表明,北运河沉积物较水体具有更高的微生物群落α多样性,β多样性则表现为水体中微生物群落较沉积物群落的相似性更高.变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度在水体与沉积物中无显著差异,且在两种生境条件下均为优势类群.α变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)在水体中的丰度较高,而γ变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ变形杆菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)则在沉积物中有着更高丰度.好氧或兼性厌氧菌为主的水体类群和厌氧菌为主的沉积物...     

水系沉积物重金属分析前处理方法

建立了水系沉积物中6种重金属分析的前处理方法,研究了样品粒径、消解前处理对测定结果的影响,对方法适用性作出评价,并对实际样品进行测定。结果表明:通过Hg元素含量的测定,粒径为0.147 mm的沉积物粒径可满足分析要求;采用微波-硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸消解、ICP-MS法,对5种不同类型沉积物标准样品的6种重金属的测定结果显示,该方法精密度好、准确度高。利用建立的方法测定广西某河流湖库沉积物样品,6种元素测定结果 RSD为1.57%~11.1%,加标回收率大于74.4%。     

鼎湖山大气颗粒物中OC与EC的浓度特征及粒径分布

为了解华南背景区域鼎湖山站碳质气溶胶的浓度水平与来源,采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了鼎湖山站大气颗粒物分级样品中的有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)浓度水平,并分析了碳质组分的浓度特征和粒径分布.结果表明,在PM_1.1、 PM_2.1和PM_9.0中,鼎湖山OC的平均质量浓度分别为(5.6±2.0)、(7.3±2.4)和(12.8±4.0)μg·m^-3, EC的平均质量浓度分别为(2.3±1.4)、(2.7±1.6)和(3.4±1.7)μg·m^-3. PM_1.1和PM_2.1中OC分别占PM_9.0中OC的43.8%和57.0%, EC占67.6%和79.4%. OC和EC主要富集在细粒子中. PM_1.1和PM_2.1中OC和EC在秋季最高,OC在冬季最低,EC在夏季最低. PM_9.0中OC夏季最高.鼎湖山中碳质气溶胶以OC2、 EC1、...     

深圳大运会期间环境控制措施对气溶胶特性的影响分析

利用全自动太阳辐射计,对深圳世界大运会主场馆附近大气特性开展了连续观测(2011-08-11-2011-09-03)。获得了大运会期间(12 d)和大运会后(11 d),气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)等参数的变化情况,并对气溶胶光学和微物理特性进行了分析。结果表明,大运会期间440 nm处的AOD平均值为0.273,大运会之后的AOD平均值为0.983,大运会期间较大运会之后AOD平均值有显著降低。粒子谱分布等气溶胶微物理特性参数的分析还表明, AOD降低主要是由于细粒子含量的减少,说明环境控制措施对于空气质量产生了较好的改进效果。     

基于异质人群响应特征的交通噪声暴露评估研究

考虑异质人群不同声功能需求和时空分布,对异质人群交通噪声暴露特征进行评估。通过集记人口高斯分解和噪声预测,获取特征人群分布数据和交通噪声数据;基于特征人群年龄和声功能需求,标定各年龄段人群噪声响应函数并进行归一化处理,构建异质人群噪声响应曲线;构建交通噪声暴露评估模型,结合获取数据及噪声响应曲线进行噪声暴露评估。结果表明,3类声功能区中人群噪声暴露与年龄变量均呈现类抛物线趋势,40岁左右人群暴露影响较儿童和老人低59.9%左右。人均噪声暴露在夜间明显偏高,尤其在声功能需求较高的第1类声功能区,其人均噪声超标值比昼间高7 d B。特征人群的空间分布对噪声暴露影响显著,工作时段学校区域适学人群集中,其总噪声暴露风险为同等状况住宅区的1.2倍。综合考虑人群特征和时空分布等因素,可更科学地进行区域交通噪声污染评估。     

茶尘(大叶种)分散度的测定

论述了利用图像分析系统对茶尘(大叶种)分散度的测定,得到了分散度的结果,并对测定结果进行了讨论.     

Divergence in sink contributions to population persistence

Population sinks present unique conservation challenges. The loss of individuals in sinks can compromise persistence; but conversely, sinks can improve viability by improving connectivity and facilitating the recolonization of vacant sources. To assess the contribution of sinks to regional population persistence of declining populations, we simulated source–sink dynamics for 3 very different endangered species: Black‐capped Vireos (Vireo atricapilla) at Fort Hood, Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) in Alberta, and Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in the northwestern United States. We used empirical data from these case studies to parameterize spatially explicit individual‐based models. We then used the models to quantify population abundance and persistence with and without long‐term sinks. The contributions of sink habitats varied widely. Sinks were detrimental, particularly when they functioned as strong sinks with few emigrants in declining populations (e.g., Alberta's Ord's kangaroo rat) and benign in robust populations (e.g., Black‐capped Vireos) when Brown‐headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism was controlled. Sinks, including ecological traps, were also crucial in delaying declines when there were few sources (e.g., in Black‐capped Vireo populations with no Cowbird control). Sink contributions were also nuanced. For example, sinks that supported large, variable populations were subject to greater extinction risk (e.g., Northern Spotted Owls). In each of our case studies, new context‐dependent sinks emerged, underscoring the dynamic nature of sources and sinks and the need for frequent re‐assessment. Our results imply that management actions based on assumptions that sink habitats are generally harmful or helpful risk undermining conservation efforts for declining populations.     

Predicting and setting conservation priorities for Bolivian mammals based on biological correlates of the risk of decline

The recognition that growing proportions of species worldwide are endangered has led to the development of comparative analyses to elucidate why some species are more prone to extinction than others. Understanding factors and patterns of species vulnerability might provide an opportunity to develop proactive conservation strategies. Such comparative analyses are of special concern at national scales because this is the scale at which most conservation initiatives take place. We applied powerful ensemble learning models to test for biological correlates of the risk of decline among the Bolivian mammals to understand species vulnerability at a national scale and to predict the population trend for poorly known species. Risk of decline was nonrandomly distributed: higher proportions of large‐sized taxa were under decline, whereas small‐sized taxa were less vulnerable. Body mass, mode of life (i.e., aquatic, terrestrial, volant), geographic range size, litter size, home range, niche specialization, and reproductive potential were strongly associated with species vulnerability. Moreover, we found interacting and nonlinear effects of key traits on the risk of decline of mammals at a national scale. Our model predicted 35 data‐deficient species in decline on the basis of their biological vulnerability, which should receive more attention in order to prevent their decline. Our results highlight the relevance of comparative analysis at relatively narrow geographical scales, reveal previously unknown factors related to species vulnerability, and offer species‐by‐species outcomes that can be used to identify targets for conservation, especially for insufficiently known species. Predección y Definición de Prioridades de Conservación para Mamíferos de Bolivia con Base en Correlaciones Biológicas del Riesgo de Declinación     

Effects of white‐nose syndrome on regional population patterns of 3 hibernating bat species

Hibernating bats have undergone severe recent declines across the eastern United States, but the cause of these regional‐scale declines has not been systematically evaluated. We assessed the influence of white‐nose syndrome (an emerging bat disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, formerly Geomyces destructans) on large‐scale, long‐term population patterns in the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), and the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). We modeled population trajectories for each species on the basis of an extensive data set of winter hibernacula counts of more than 1 million individual bats from a 4‐state region over 13 years and with data on locations of hibernacula and first detections of white‐nose syndrome at each hibernaculum. We used generalized additive mixed models to determine population change relative to expectations, that is, how population trajectories differed with a colony's infection status, how trajectories differed with distance from the point of introduction of white‐nose syndrome, and whether declines were concordant with first local observation of the disease. Population trajectories in all species met at least one of the 3 expectations, but none met all 3. Our results suggest, therefore, that white‐nose syndrome has affected regional populations differently than was previously understood and has not been the sole cause of declines. Specifically, our results suggest that in some areas and species, threats other than white‐nose syndrome are also contributing to population declines, declines linked to white‐nose syndrome have spread across large geographic areas with unexpected speed, and the disease or other threats led to declines in bat populations for years prior to disease detection. Effective conservation will require further research to mitigate impacts of white‐nose syndrome, renewed attention to other threats to bats, and improved surveillance efforts to ensure early detection of white‐nose syndrome.