超滤处理含聚污水过程中通量衰减机理的研究

研究了超滤处理含聚合物污水过程中操作压力、膜面流速、聚合物浓度、料液流变性、阻力等影响因素对膜通量的影响,并进行理论分析,揭示了通量衰减机理.研究结果表明,通量衰减的机理是聚合物的浓差极化和凝胶层的形成,其次是原油和无机物对膜孔的堵塞.     

孔径分布和溶液浓度对碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐性能的影响分析

在不同进水浓度下,采用两种比表面积相似但是孔径分布不同的碳气凝胶作为电极进行了一系列电吸附除盐平衡试验.结果表明,随着溶液浓度的变化,不同的孔径分布对碳气凝胶除盐效果影响不一样.其机理为双电层的存在,使得碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层相互叠加;同时,根据德拜定律,碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层在不同浓度溶液中厚度不同,从而使得双电层扩散层相互叠加的情况也随浓度变化而变化.这两种作用共同导致了实验结果.当溶液浓度为 0.01 mol·L-1时,选择主要孔径不小于20hm的碳气凝胶电极;当溶液浓度为 0.1 mol·L-1时,应选用主要孔径不小于 10nm 的材料;当溶液浓度为几 mol·L-1时.则分散层几乎消失,孔径大小对电吸附性能影响几乎不考虑.     

The dynamics of arsenic in four paddy fields in the Bengal delta

Irrigation with arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Bengal Delta may lead to As accumulation in the soil and rice grain. The dynamics of As concentration and speciation in paddy fields during dry season (boro) rice cultivation were investigated at 4 sites in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Three sites which were irrigated with high As groundwater had elevated As concentrations in the soils, showing a significant gradient from the irrigation inlet across the field. Arsenic concentration and speciation in soil pore water varied temporally and spatially; higher As concentrations were associated with an increasing percentage of arsenite, indicating a reductive mobilization. Concentrations of As in rice grain varied by 2-7 fold within individual fields and were poorly related with the soil As concentration. A field site employing alternating flooded-dry irrigation produced the lowest range of grain As concentration, suggesting a lower soil As availability caused by periodic aerobic conditions.     

Large pore size polyacrylonitrile membrane for ultrafiltration

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聚丙烯塑料-锯末干混合制备高介孔率柱状活性炭

以聚丙烯塑料和梧桐锯末为原材料,无水K2CO3为活化剂,采用干混合法制备高介孔率柱状活性炭.通过单因素实验,探究了塑料含量、盐料比、活化温度及活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝(MB)性能的影响.结果表明:当塑料含量为20%、盐料比为2.5、活化温度为950℃、活化时间为80 min时,所制备的活性炭具有较高的MB吸附量(322.9 mg·g-1).所制备的活性炭具有发达的微观孔隙结构,其比表面积达到1461.99m2·g-1,平均孔径为3.23 nm,总孔容为1.04 cm3·g-1,其中,介孔孔容为0.80 cm3·g-1,介孔率超过70%,充分说明该方法可制备优质高介孔率柱状活性炭.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

淀山湖沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素分布特征

用原子吸收光谱仪测定了淀山湖上覆水体和沉积物孔隙水中Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Fe和Mn的浓度.结果表明,上覆水体中及沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素浓度由高到低的顺序,夏季为Fe>Mn>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd,冬季为Mn>Fe>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd.各种重金属元素在孔隙水中的浓度比上覆水体中的浓度高得多,且在孔隙水中随深度均呈现典型的峰型分布;但随季节的变化,峰值发生位移.重金属元素的浓度在沉积物-水界面处变化明显,夏季沉积物中的Cr对上覆水体水质的影响较大.     

岩石溶蚀的表现特征及其对物理力学性质的影响

本文以微晶白云石大理岩和黏土质长石砂岩为研究对象,以现场实测及室内试验资料为基础,对岩石溶蚀的表现特征及其对表层物理力学性质的影响进行了研究。研究表明:1)在岩石发生溶蚀的区域,由表及里易溶性矿物成分和易迁移元素氧化物的含量逐渐增加、黏土矿物含量和烧失率逐渐减少,岩样的微观结构也发生了变化,主要表现为岩石表层溶孔、溶隙发育,易溶矿物颗粒表面出现溶孔、溶坑、颗粒间出现溶蚀裂隙等;2)溶蚀使岩石表层强度降低、吸水率增大,溶蚀愈严重表层强度越低、均匀性愈差,吸水率愈大;溶蚀还使岩石的孔隙度及孔隙尺寸明显增大。     

云南粉土的动力特性试验研究

粉土是一种具有特殊工程性质的土,由粉土液化引起的工程震陷造成的危害极大。根据云南粉土的室内共振柱试验,得到了归一化处理后的G/Gm ax~γ/rγ和D~γ曲线,并运用修正后的双曲线模型进行了拟合分析。根据室内振动三轴试验,得出不同固结比和不同固结压力下的土的动强度与振动次数的试验曲线,发现动强度与破坏振次间符合较好的乘幂关系,动强度与固结比之间符合较好的二次抛物线关系;分析不同围压下孔压与破坏振次的试验曲线规律,发现可以用指数函数进行拟合。结果可供该类土的动力特性研究参考。     

分形理论在三峡水库汛期洪水分期中的应用

水库分期汛限水位控制能在不增加新的防洪风险条件下提高水库的兴利效益,汛期洪水的划分则是分期汛限水位控制的前提.介绍了分形理论及容量维数的计算方法,以三峡水库宜昌站为例,利用传统统计学法和动态分维数法,确定了洪水分期数目,并计算了各分期的容量维数,从而最终确定三峡水库的洪水分期.结果显示,用分形方法划分的三峡水库的汛期洪水和传统研究分期基本一致,但分形理论计算较为客观,进一步表明分形理论在洪水分期中是可行的,值得深入探讨和应用.