南京北郊夏季大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对2013年5~7月期间南京北郊大气气溶胶9级惯性撞击式分级Andersen采样器膜采样样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊夏季EC、OC的平均浓度,在PM2.1(空气动力学直径≤2.1μm)中分别为(2.6±1.1)μg·m-3、(13.0±5.2)μg·m-3,在PM9.0(空气动力学直径≤9.0μm)中,分别为(3.4±1.7)μg·m-3、(20.3±7.3)μg·m-3.EC主要富集在超细颗粒物中,OC主要存在于细颗粒物中,EC的PM1.1/PM9.0比值和OC的PM2.1/PM9.0比值分别为0.62和0.64.EC和OC浓度的平均最高值都出现在≤0.43μm粒径段中,分别占PM9.0中的总元素碳的33.4%和总有机碳的21.1%.南京北郊夏季PM1.1、PM2.1和PM9.0中EC、OC的相关性较好,说明存在共同的一次污染源.通过OC/EC特征物比值的方法得到南京夏季碳质颗粒物的主要来源有机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放和地面扬尘排放.     

黄河口湿地表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的分析

于2009年4月在黄河口湿地采集表层沉积物,利用改进后的SEDEX方法对沉积物样品进行了磷形态的分析.结果表明,表层沉积物中总磷含量变化范围为12.12~25.37μmol·g-1,平均值为20.70μmol·g-1,其中自生磷灰石磷和碎屑磷灰石磷为表层沉积物中磷的主要赋存形式.中值粒径与各形态磷含量密切相关,弱吸附态磷、自生磷灰石磷、活性有机磷含量与中值粒径呈显著负相关关系;碎屑磷灰石磷含量与中值粒径呈显著正相关关系.有机质含量影响各形态磷在沉积物中含量,弱吸附态磷、活性有机磷、自生磷灰石磷含量均随TOC含量增加而升高.包括弱吸附态磷、活性有机磷和铁结合态磷在内的生物可利用磷含量变化为1.15~6.74μmol·g-1,平均值为4.27μmol·g-1,占总磷的摩尔分数为6.35%~30.4%.     

不同粒径零价铁活化过硫酸钠氧化降解酸性橙7的影响及动力学研究

以偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)为目标污染物,研究了不同粒径零价铁(包括1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI、50 nm-ZVI)对活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解AO7的影响,并探讨了这3种不同粒径的零价铁活化体系中AO7的降解动力学及中间产物.结果表明,3种粒径零价铁均可以高效活化PS氧化降解AO7,反应90 min后,1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI和50 nm-ZVI活化体系对AO7的去除率分别为43%、97%和100%.AO7动力学方程拟合结果表明,1 mm-ZVI和150μm-ZVI活化PS降解AO7是一级反应,50 nm-ZVI活化体系中AO7的降解是二级反应,这3种粒径零价铁活化PS降解AO7的速率常数大小顺序为50 nm-ZVI>150μm-ZVI>1 mm-ZVI.反应过程中1 mm-ZVI反应后主要生成α-Fe2O3和少量Fe3O4,150μm-ZVI表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe3O4,而50 nm-ZVI的主要氧化物为α-Fe2O3和α-FeOOH.GC/MS检测出AO7降解中间产物有2-萘酚、邻甲酚、3-甲基-4-乙基苯酚、邻苯二甲酰亚胺、邻苯二甲酸等,AO7溶液吸收光谱的变化特征及GC/MS检测结果表明3种粒径零价铁活化PS氧化降解AO7的途径可能存在差异.     

汽车排放超细微粒数浓度及粒径谱特征的实验研究

采用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)结合汽车尾气分析仪对3辆不同型号汽车排放超细颗粒数浓度进行测量,分析了空载情况不同转速下排气管附近超细颗粒数浓度及粒径谱特征.结果表明,在怠速800 r·min-1情况下,汽车排放的颗粒数浓度最低,随着空载转速的增加颗粒数浓度呈增高趋势.尾气颗粒以核模态和爱根核模态为主,峰值粒径集中在10 nm和50 nm.汽车加速过程排放颗粒数浓度有明显的急剧升高过程,在车速稳定后颗粒物浓度趋于稳定.在排气管尾部轴向距离0.4 m范围内颗粒稀释后数浓度衰减迅速,在0.4~1 m范围稀释不明显,均大于背景浓度.空载情况下随发动机转速增加,汽车排放尾气CO、HC和NO浓度呈减少趋势,与颗粒物数浓度排放趋势相反.     

透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应细观数值模拟研究

针对透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应问题,开展透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应的细观数值模拟研究.假定混凝土是由骨料、砂浆及孔隙组成,采用Monte Carlo法将孔隙与骨料颗粒随机投放在砂浆基质中,建立透水混凝土试件的细观非均质力学模型,开展透水混凝土试件压缩数值实验.研究结果表明：随着混凝土试件尺寸的增加,透水混凝土的抗压强度降低,存在尺寸效应现象;由于透水混凝土材料高度的非均匀性,其尺寸效应现象比普通混凝土明显.     

准噶尔盆地南缘黄土磁化率变化规律及影响因素

准噶尔盆地南缘柏杨河典型风成黄土剖面的岩石磁学与粒度研究结果指示该地区黄土磁 性矿物以亚铁磁性矿物为主,主要载磁矿物为粗粒原生强磁性矿物,同时含有少量细粒磁性矿物, 磁性矿物含量远低于黄土高原黄土。磁性矿物磁晶粒度以假单畴和多畴（PSD/MD）为主,后期 成壤过程对磁性矿物颗粒的改造作用很小。柏杨河黄土磁化率增强机制较为复杂,磁学与粒度 的曲线对比表明风动力强度对含磁性矿物较粗颗粒具有分选作用,是导致磁化率变化的重要因 素,但二者的低相关性又暗示了风动力强度在解释磁化率增强机制中的局限性。古尔班通古特 沙漠在末次间冰期以来的收缩与扩张导致的物源变化可能是影响磁化率变化的又一重要因素。     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges (i.e. > 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and < 0.2 μm) for a purple soil (Entisol) and a yellow soil (Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles (< 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles (< 0.2 μm). Vermiculite, illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy. Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the < 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

生产工艺条件对菌粉爆炸特征参数的影响

利用扫描电镜及激光粒度分析仪,探究了不同生产工艺条件下医药中间体菌粉A和菌粉B的表面形状及粒径分布,并进行了热解分析,证实上述特征参数存在一定差别。在此基础上进行了爆炸特性参数研究。研究结果表明,上述两种菌粉爆炸下限处于70~90 g/m3,最大爆炸压力峰值0.4~0.5 MPa之间,爆炸性相对较弱,但也必须引起足够的重视。与菌粉B相比,菌粉A相对安全,因此条件许可时优先采用菌粉A生产工艺流程。