不同市场结构组合下稀土最优开采路径研究

本文从价格视角将我国稀土市场结构的变化历程划分为不同阶段,分别从理论和现实视角上探讨了在国际、国内都是完全竞争市场,国际市场垄断、国内市场完全竞争,国际市场完全竞争、国内市场垄断,国际、国内都是垄断市场条件下稀土最优开采路径及最优耗竭时间,并通过设定参数判断其相对大小关系。发现在一定的假设条件下,开采前期当国内和国际市场都是完全竞争时,稀土最优开采量是最大的;当国内和国际市场都是垄断时,稀土最优开采量是最小的;其他两种市场情况下稀土最优开采量居于中间,当国际市场是稀土的主要消费地时,国际竞争-国内垄断市场情况下稀土最优开采量大于国际垄断-国内竞争市场情况下稀土最优开采量,反之,国际垄断-国内竞争市场情况下稀土最优开采量大于国际竞争-国内垄断市场情况下稀土最优开采量。     

湿法脱硫系统对烟气中可吸入颗粒物特性影响的实验研究

采用荷电低压颗粒冲击器对4套湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统进出口颗粒物进行在线检测和采样分析,获得烟气中PM10、PM2.5质量浓度以及粒径分布特征,并通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和元素能谱对飞灰颗粒的形貌特征和主要元素含量进行分析。实验结果表明,由于脱硫塔喷淋浆液的洗涤作用,WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒有一定的脱除效果,但喷淋浆液产生的小液滴以及石灰石/石膏颗粒被携带进入烟气,导致WFGD系统对烟气中颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布影响较大。WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒组成成分也有一定影响,以WFGD系统B为例,出口飞灰颗粒中Ca和S的质量分数从进口的1.60%、2.81%上升到出口的6.12%、10.92%。FESEM观察结果表明,脱硫后小颗粒在脱硫浆液的促进作用下团聚凝并,形成大颗粒,呈现致密的不规则块状、层状或絮状结构。     

我国废铅蓄电池产生量与再生铅产能的讨论

废铅蓄电池是再生铅主要原料,铅蓄电池产量、进出口量、社会消费保有量,以及铅蓄电池消费使用领域与废铅蓄电池产生量有关。预测2015年废铅蓄电池产生量,并讨论我国再生铅产能规模,供再生铅产业结构调整与区域布局调整作参考。     

Sorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline on four contrasting Greek agricultural soils and the effect of liming

Sorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on four typical Greek agricultural soils, with distinct texture, organic matter content and cation exchange capacities, was compared by using sorption isotherms and the parameters calculated from the fitted Freundlich equations. The sorption process of 3,4-DCA to the soil was completed within 48–72 h. The 3,4-DCA sorption on all soils was well described by the Freundlich equation and all sorption isotherms were of the L-type. The sandy clay loam soil with the highest organic matter content and a slightly acidic pH was the most sorptive, whereas the two other soil types, a high organic matter and neutral pH clay and a low organic matter and acidic loam, had an intermediate sorption capacity. A typical calcareous soil with low organic matter had the lowest sorption capacity which was only slightly higher than that of river sand. The 3,4-DCA sorption correlated best to soil organic matter content and not to clay content or cation exchange capacity, indicating the primary role of organic matter. The distribution coefficient (K _d) decreased with increasing initial 3,4-DCA concentration and the reduction was most pronounced with the highly sorptive sandy clay loam soil, suggesting that the available sorption sites of the soils are not unlimited. Liming of the two acidic soils (the sandy clay loam and the loam) raised their pH (from 6.2 and 5.3, respectively) to 7.8 and reduced their sorption capacity by about 50 %, indicating that soil pH may be the second in importance factor (after organic matter) determining 3,4-DCA sorption.     

Structural changes in soil communities after triclopyr application in soils invaded by Acacia dealbata Link

Triclopyr is a commonly used herbicide in the control of woody plants and can exhibit toxic effects to soil microorganisms. However, the impact on soils invaded by plant exotics has not yet been addressed. Here, we present the results of an 18-month field study conducted to evaluate the impact of triclopyr on the structure of fungal and bacterial communities in soils invaded by Acacia dealbata Link, through the use of denature gradient gel electrophoresis. After triclopyr application, analyses of bacterial fingerprints suggested a change in the structure of the soil bacterial community, whereas the structure of the soil fungal community remained unaltered. Bacterial density and F:B ratio values changed across the year but were not altered due to herbicide spraying. On the contrary, fungal diversity was increased in plots sprayed with triclopyr 5 months after the first application. Richness and diversity (H´) of both bacteria and fungi were not modified after triclopyr application.     

土壤镉处理对棉花镉吸收及分布规律的影响

用CdCl2将盆栽土壤Cd浓度处理为1mg／kg、5mg／kg、10mg／kg、20mg,／kg、30mg／kg种植棉花,研究棉花对镉的吸收及镉在棉花体内的分布规律。结果表明,当土壤镉浓度小于30mg／kg时,镉在棉花体内的分布呈现不同的规律。当土壤镉浓度小于5mg／kg时,镉主要分布在棉花的地上部;当土壤镉浓度大于20mg／kg时,镉主要分布在棉花的叶片、根、茎中,其中叶片的镉含量最高,棉絮镉含量最低。不同镉污染水平下,棉花的镉富集系数均小于1。当土壤镉污染浓度为5mg／kg时,棉花叶片的镉富集系数为0．76。在同一镉污染水平下,棉花叶片的镉转运系数最高。当土壤镉含量小于20mg／kg时,棉花茎、叶、棉絮的转运系数平均为4．63。     

我国漂流旅游景区的空间分布研究

近年来漂流旅游逐步成为我国夏季旅游的新兴热点,在各地发展迅速。以我国漂流旅游景区为研究对象,运用地理集中指数、不平衡指数、基尼系数等计量地理学方法和ArcGIS分析软件对其在全国的空间分布特征进行了定量与定性分析。研究表明,我国610处漂流旅游景区主要分布在中东部地区,呈集中和空间凝聚态势,且分布的均衡度很低;而在地势第三级台阶内的山地丘陵地区呈现明显的条带状凝聚,多位于降水充沛的季风性气候区。同时,漂流旅游景区的分布与区域经济发展水平之间存在一定的空间耦合关系,体现出明显的城市指向。     

陕西省产业结构演变的城市化响应地域差异分析

将产业结构演变的城市化响应系数作为衡量区域产业结构演变城市化响应强度的变量指标,运用变异系数和离差分析方法对陕西省产业结构演变的城市化响应进行类型划分,可划分为强响应区、中等响应区、弱响应区三种类型区;运用广义脉冲响应法对三种类型区分别进行产业结构演变城市化响应系数与各影响因素之间相关性的动态研究,探讨陕西省产业结构演变的城市化响应时至差异性。     

结构红利与资源诅咒——西部大开发以来内蒙古产业结构变迁绩效评价

统计分析表明,西部大开发以来内蒙古经济存在越来越严重的就业-产值结构偏离趋势。采用shilt—share方法分别对西部大开以来内蒙古、西部和全国的劳动生产率进行分解和比较分析发现,内蒙古的结构红利不显著。因此,近年来内蒙古经济虽有良好的增长绩效,但其资源依赖型增长正通过价格机制和制度效率两个途径制约着产业结构的高级化与合理化变迁,即存在潜在的资源诅咒问题。     

大气细粒子(PM2.5)监测技术进展

大气细粒子(PM2.5)的污染对人和生态环境等影响巨大,迫切需要进行PM2.5质量浓度的监测;本文介绍了PM2.5国内外监测研究进展、监测网络应用情况以及监测技术;重点介绍了几种先进的技术:β射线法、振荡天平法和光散射法,并详细描述了各种监测设备的原理及结构,提出最好采用PM2.5在线监测仪进行日常监测。