Validating graph-based connectivity models with independent presence–absence and genetic data sets

Habitat connectivity is a key objective of current conservation policies and is commonly modeled by landscape graphs (i.e., sets of habitat patches [nodes] connected by potential dispersal paths [links]). These graphs are often built based on expert opinion or species distribution models (SDMs) and therefore lack empirical validation from data more closely reflecting functional connectivity. Accordingly, we tested whether landscape graphs reflect how habitat connectivity influences gene flow, which is one of the main ecoevolutionary processes. To that purpose, we modeled the habitat network of a forest bird (plumbeous warbler [Setophaga plumbea]) on Guadeloupe with graphs based on expert opinion, Jacobs’ specialization indices, and an SDM. We used genetic data (712 birds from 27 populations) to compute local genetic indices and pairwise genetic distances. Finally, we assessed the relationships between genetic distances or indices and cost distances or connectivity metrics with maximum-likelihood population-effects distance models and Spearman correlations between metrics. Overall, the landscape graphs reliably reflected the influence of connectivity on population genetic structure; validation R² was up to 0.30 and correlation coefficients were up to 0.71. Yet, the relationship among graph ecological relevance, data requirements, and construction and analysis methods was not straightforward because the graph based on the most complex construction method (species distribution modeling) sometimes had less ecological relevance than the others. Cross-validation methods and sensitivity analyzes allowed us to make the advantages and limitations of each construction method spatially explicit. We confirmed the relevance of landscape graphs for conservation modeling but recommend a case-specific consideration of the cost-effectiveness of their construction methods. We hope the replication of independent validation approaches across species and landscapes will strengthen the ecological relevance of connectivity models.     

China’s carbon neutrality: an extensive and profound systemic reform

● China has pledged ambitious carbon peak and neutrality goals for mitigating global climate change. ● Major challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in China are summarized. ● The new opportunities along the pathway of China’s carbon neutrality are discussed from four aspects. ● Five policy suggestions for China are provided. China is the largest developing economy and carbon dioxide emitter in the world, the carbon neutrality goal of which will have a profound influence on the mitigation pathway of global climate change. The transition towards a carbon-neutral society is integrated into the construction of ecological civilization in China, and brings profound implications for China’s socioeconomic development. Here, we not only summarize the major challenges in achieving carbon neutrality in China, but also identify the four potential new opportunities: namely, the acceleration of technology innovations, narrowing regional disparity by reshaping the value of resources, transforming the industrial structure, and co-benefits of pollution and carbon mitigation. Finally, we provide five policy suggestions and highlight the importance of balancing economic growth and carbon mitigation, and the joint efforts among the government, the enterprises, and the residents.     

新疆典型城-郊-乡梯度带土壤微量元素空间分布与来源

从新疆某地典型城-郊-乡梯度带采集了77个表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,基于GIS技术与多元统计分析方法,研究各梯度带表层土壤中Hg、As、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等10种微量元素的空间分布特征与主要来源。结果表明:Hg元素在城区、郊区和乡村表层土壤中的平均含量均超出研究区土壤背景值,As元素在城区和郊区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,Zn和Pb元素在城区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,其余元素在3个梯度带表层土壤中的平均含量均低于相应的背景值。研究区表层土壤中,V、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等7种元素的空间分布格局基本相似,均呈现沿城市化梯度带分布的地带性格局;As、Cu和Hg等3种元素的空间分布呈现岛状格局。来源分析结果表明,各梯度带表层土壤中的微量元素的来源各不相同。     

双波长气溶胶粒径传感方法及其火灾烟雾探测器

提出了双波长光散射气溶胶粒径传感方法,设计实现了采用该方法的双波长火灾烟雾探测器。使用短波长和长波长的双波长光源,通过计算其光功率比值,利用其与中值粒径的关系函数获得气溶胶粒径,并根据不同粒径下的气溶胶浓度分别给出大小不同粒径的火灾烟雾或干扰气溶胶提示。因而,不仅可以有效区分大小不同粒径的火灾烟雾气溶胶,以正确探测火灾,而且能够识别微米级的大粒径干扰粒子,降低火灾误报率,可以应用于飞机等航空器空中密闭的特殊环境。     

生物炭-植物联合修复对土壤重金属Pb、Cd分布效应

土壤重金属污染是黄河三角洲湿地退化的重要驱动因素之一,Pb、Cd作为该区域典型的重金属,存在较高的潜在生态风险.目前在土壤修复领域,植物修复、化学修复等单一修复方法具有一定的局限性,而生物炭因其强吸附性及丰富的官能团与植物修复技术具有结合的潜力,因此,探究二者联合修复对土壤重金属的分布效应,对于寻求更加绿色高效的修复方...     

十溴二苯乙烷对蚯蚓亚急性毒性及微生物群落结构影响

新型溴系阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)生产和使用量日益增大,在环境中的检出率越来越高,其生态风险正受到广泛关注.然而,有关DBDPE对陆地无脊椎生物毒性效应以及微生物群落结构的影响知之甚少.探究了不同剂量(5、10、20、50和100mg·kg-1)DBDPE暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长、行为...     

熟污泥改良土壤中Cd的形态分布特征和生物有效性

通过苜蓿盆栽实验和Tessier五步提取法,研究了不同比例的堆肥污泥施入黄土后,土壤中Cd的形态分布和生物有效性及重金属在施污土壤-苜蓿中的迁移转化规律。结果表明：不同比例的污泥施入黄土后,随着污泥施入量的增加,土壤中Cd的主要赋存形态由对照组的不可利用态(残渣态)向潜在有效态(铁锰氧化态)转化,污泥的施入提高了重金属Cd的生物有效性;苜蓿的种植对施污根际土中Cd的活性产生了钝化作用,使施污黄土根际土壤中潜在有效态Cd主要向不可利用态的Cd转化;苜蓿各器官对Cd均有富集和转移能力,苜蓿各部位重金属Cd含量的分布规律为：根部>茎叶部;线性回归分析结果表明：碳酸盐结合态Cd是苜蓿茎叶部和根部吸收Cd的主要贡献形态;因此在实际生产时须严格控制污泥的施用量,以避免Cd在苜蓿体内富集危害动物和人体健康。     

城市路面积尘微塑料污染特征

微塑料作为一种新兴污染物,由于其对生态系统具有潜在的负面影响,受到了广泛的关注.但是目前关于其在陆地环境中,尤其是路面积尘中的相关信息相对有限.本文对马鞍山市雨山区路面积尘的微塑料污染特征进行了研究.研究区域内单位面积路面所积累的微塑料丰度为(18.11±32.36)n·m-2,含量为(27.29±72.64)mg·m...     

深圳市主要外来入侵植物调查及治理状况

通过对深圳市具有代表性的公共园林绿地中的外来入侵植物的调查,确定薇甘菊和五爪金龙为深圳市为害最为严重的外来入侵植物。对这两种植物的群落特征进行调查发现,这两种植物具有相似的生态适应性,可共同生长于同一生境中,为害深圳市多种本地植物,对低矮乔木、灌木和草本植物为害严重,对高大乔木的为害不明显。目前深圳市多采用物理、化学防治为主,结合简单生物防治的方法控制其为害,但效果不理想。目前还没有较为成熟的生物防治方法。     

电力配电房在火灾下的有限元模拟分析

针对钢框架结构形式的电力配电房在基本荷载组合工况下构件承载能力的关键问题,运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对模型进行空间静力分析,得出电力配电房在各种工况下的最不利荷载及其位置;针对电力配电房在火灾工况下构件耐火性能的关键问题,运用ABAQUS模拟分析其在火灾工况下的温度场分布和钢框架结构的承载能力和力学性能,并对这两类工况对比分析。研究结果表明:在基本荷载工况下,电力配电房在恒荷载与活荷载形成的组合效应下产生的沿X、Y、Z方向的剪力和弯矩最大,且其形成的竖向位移也最大;在火灾工况下,电力配电房最大应力位置与普通荷载工况大致相同,但最大位移位置不同;虽有局部钢材应力超限,但钢框架结构仍具备承载能力,设计人员可将应力超限的构件替换为屈服强度更高的钢材而非全部替换,既保证了整体结构的安全性,又达到节约材料降低造价的目的。