背景离子类型和浓度对聚苯乙烯微塑料/铅在饱和石英砂中共运移的影响

为阐明水化学条件对微塑料和重金属运移的影响,初步明确两种环境污染物共运移过程中的耦合效应及其对环境条件的响应机制,研究了背景电解质离子不同价态和浓度组成条件下1μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)和Pb²⁺在饱和一维砂柱中的单独及共迁移行为.结果表明:背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高均会抑制PS-MPs的单独运移能力,当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1348kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了956kT.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中Pb²⁺能降低PS-MPs的迁移能力,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs运移能力的抑制性.当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1100kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了543kT.背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高能促进Pb²⁺的单独运移能力.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中,PS-MPs能够促进Pb²⁺的运移,背景离子浓度较低时,PS-MPs负载Pb²⁺的迁移率较高,反之亦然.对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺单运移体系,背景阳离子浓度和价态的提升可进一步屏蔽PS-MPs及石英砂表面负电荷,竞争吸附石英砂表面结合位点,抑制PS-MPs运移,促进Pb²⁺运移;对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺共运移体系,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可通过调节Pb²⁺与PS-MPs及石英砂表面的相互作用,削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs迁移能力的抑制作用.背景离子对PS-MPs表面位点的竞争吸附及对电荷的屏蔽效应影响PS-MPs对Pb²⁺的负载迁移能力.     

基于文献计量分析的多孔碳吸附研究进展

为深入了解多孔碳在吸附领域研究的现状和前沿动态,以Web of Science （WoS）中Science Citation Index Expanded （SCI-E）引文数据库和CNKI数据库为数据源,使用Bibliometrix、Bibliometric平台和VOSviewer软件等对相关文献进行定量分析.结果表明,1997~2021年共发表SCI文献3566篇,文章数量总体呈逐年递增的趋势,近5a发文量上升速度较快,中国学术期刊共发表183篇文献;中国的发文总量及独立发文量均位居榜首,总量达1653篇,但平均被引频次相对较低;领域内主要研究力量分布在中国、美国、印度等地,且具有较大学术影响力的各作者间合作频繁.2010年至今温室气体中CO₂排放与多孔碳吸附议题之间有着十分紧密的学术联系,CO₂捕集将是碳中和课题下的一个持续研究热点.此外,开发和应用廉价、绿色、可持续的生物质资源制备性能优异的多孔碳材料是未来碳材料领域的持续目标之一,对于吸附机理的深入研究也将成为未来发展的方向之一.     

树脂基固态胺吸附材料的选择性CO2吸附性能

基于简单的湿浸渍法将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)有效负载到多孔树脂(HP20)中,制备获得树脂基固态胺吸附材料,并探究了PEI负载量(30%~60%)、吸附温度(30~90℃)和压力(2~100kPa)对材料CO₂吸附性能的影响.研究表明树脂基固态胺吸附材料的最佳PEI负载量为50%,过量的PEI会致使材料CO₂吸附容量和胺基利用效率的显著降低.所筛选的材料在较低或较高的CO₂分压范围内均能展现出优异的CO₂吸附性能,在30℃下的CO₂吸附容量达到3.06~3.78mmol/g,表明该材料在不同CO₂分压的多种碳捕集应用中均有着较好的适用性.此外,树脂基固态胺吸附材料的CO₂/CH₄和CO₂/N₂选择性在2~100kPa的压力范围内分别有262~5858和708~11551,在各类传统或新兴的固体吸附材料中处于较高水平.     

多孔泡沫金属电除尘器净化柴油机排气微粒的方法研究

以柴油机为研究对象,研究了净化柴油机排气微粒的新技术。介绍了柴油机排气微粒的特性、净化技术及电除尘器的基本工作原理以及工作特性。说明了多孔泡沫金属的特性,并设计了净化柴油机排气微粒的以多孔泡沫金属为集尘极的电除尘器结构及原理,分析了该净化装置的优点。     

NAPLs污染物指进锋面形态的指间距离预测

选取4种不同性质的NAPLs(非水相流体)污染物,分别应用分形维数方法和毛细压力函数方法对NAPLs迁移过程中有效界面张力和指进过程中指间距离的大小进行预测,同时建立二维可视化砂箱模型,模拟污染物在多孔介质中的非稳态指进迁移过程,获得指进迁移形态影像75幅. 结果表明,与试验观测值比较,对于相同迁移过程中的指间距离,毛细压力函数方法预测误差绝对值介于1%~93%,分形维数方法预测误差绝对值介于2%~25%,分形维数方法的预测误差小于毛细压力函数方法. 毛细压力函数方法对指间距离的预测随着NAPLs密度的增加而增大,对DNAPLs(重非水相流体)的预测误差明显增加,更适用于预测密度与水的密度相差不大的物质;分形维数方法的预测值与观测值呈显著线性相关(R2=0.957),相比于传统毛细压力函数方法,分形维数方法对指间距离的预测更准确,更适合用来预测不同密度NAPLs污染物的指进距离参数.      

Benzo [a] pyrene concentrations in topsoils of North Bahrain

A comprehensive field study was conducted to determine the background concentrations of benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P) in soil samples collected at different points on a grid covering most of the northern and middle parts of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The average B[a]P concentration was 108.4?ng?g^?1 in winter and 73.0?ng?g^?1 in summer. The capital city, Manama, and the industrial areas of the country showed the highest levels of B[a]P.     

Acephate-induced shortening of developmental duration and early adult emergence in a nontarget insect Drosophila melanogaster

Similar to several environmental monitoring studies, the present study used Drosophila melanogaster as a model nontarget organism to explore the interfering effects of an organophosphate (OP) insecticide acephate on insect life cycle parameters. Acephate, a common OP, is readily available in nature from agricultural sources as an environmental contaminant. Along with target pests, nontarget fruit flies also suffer exposure to such environmental chemical. To evaluate the effects of such exposure, initially, acute LC₅₀ of acephate for third instar larvae was investigated and found to be between 14 and 16 μg/ml. This information yielded the following experimental concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 μg/ml) of test chemical for evaluation of effect, if any, on the insect model. Results showed that mean larval duration of insect significantly decreased on treatment with acephate, whereas the mean pupal duration remained unaffected. Interestingly the decreasing trend was seen to persist in case of mean adult emergence, where treated flies emerged significantly earlier in comparison to controls. Thus, the study demonstrated that acephate-induced shortening of developmental time and early emergence in Drosophila melanogaster.     

Is the economic dimension inducing the other sustainability dimensions,or is it the reverse? Perceptions from the Portuguese metal industry

ABSTRACT

In organizational sustainability, the economic dimension is recognized as having a very important role. However, the discussion regarding whether it is exclusively the economic dimension that has the power to induce the other sustainability dimensions is far from agreement. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the perceptions regarding the existence of mutual influences between the economic dimension of sustainability and the other sustainability dimensions – environmental, social and cultural – in a relevant Portuguese economic sector: the metal industry. The analysis and statistical tests performed with the 211 collected answers led to the conclusion that the influence exerted by the economic dimension on the other sustainability dimensions is perceived as dominant, both in present and future perspectives. The results also show the perception that the economic dimension is equally influenced by the environmental and social dimensions, and in a less extent, by the cultural dimension, and that all these mutual influences are perceived to increase in the future. The existence of organizational management systems has a positive effect on the perceptions regarding the existence of mutual influences between sustainability dimensions, but only for those companies with more than one certified management system. These results confirm that organizational management systems are connected to higher degrees of awareness regarding sustainability issues. Given that the great majority of the sampled industries are SMEs, the results obtained in this research demonstrate that the existence of mutual influences between sustainability dimensions is recognized even in small-sized industries.     

网状多孔材料防爆性能研究进展

易燃易爆危险化学品事故影响大、危害广,给人们生活和企业生产带来了较大影响,抑制危险化学品火灾爆炸愈来愈引起人们的关注.介绍了多孔材料的基本信息,重点综述了网状多孔抑爆材料防爆性能的实验和数值模拟研究现状,提出了研究中存在的问题:(1)实际应用中,由于容器内部形状限制或内部仪器对容器空间的占用,填充材料时不可能都选取最佳的填充密度和留空率,应根据实际情况选择,但目前尚没有作为材料抑爆性能主要因素的填充密度、留空率与抑爆压力间的数学经验公式;(2)实验测得的抑爆压力为瞬时的间隔值,不一定是过程中的最高压力,由于材料的不透明性,高速摄像机不能完全观察到火焰具体的传播状况.最后结合最新的研究成果提出实验和数值模拟的设想,为以后的研究提出参考.     

海底埋地热油管道泄漏扩散的数值模拟

采用有限容积法建立海底饱和含水淤泥多孔介质的流固耦合传热模型。利用FLUENT软件数值模拟了海底埋地输油管道输送过程中海泥温度场变化及原油在海泥中的分布规律。分析了原油泄漏后在海水中的分布规律。对泄漏后海泥温度场的模拟表明:管道泄漏后,一定时间内管道周围海泥温度波动比较剧烈,由于受海底温度的影响,泄漏前锋原油温降较快,热影响区范围变化逐渐趋于平稳。且随泄漏位置的不同,海泥温度场变化及海泥原油分布差异较大。当原油从海底海泥介质中到达海水底层后,在海水浮力的作用下流向海面,流动过程受到海水流动速度海平面风速等因素的影响。为以温度传输为基础的海底埋地管道泄漏检测提供了一定的理论基础。