饮用水源地生态防护与水质改善的研究

分析了当前饮用水水源地的水质状况,介绍了3种水源地生态防护与水质改善的方法：生态护坡、人工介质富集微生物、水生植物型人工湿地．并展望了它们的应用前号。     

多孔介质中泡沫的迁移特性和影响因素研究

通过设计一系列模拟柱实验探讨了泡沫在非饱和多孔介质中的运移特征以及泡沫质量、泡沫注入速率、介质渗透率对泡沫注入压力的影响.研究表明:泡沫气体锋面、泡沫液体锋面与泡沫锋面在多孔介质中是分离迁移的,且迁移速度大小关系为泡沫气体锋面>泡沫液体锋面>泡沫锋面;泡沫锋面相对于泡沫气体锋面的延迟系数为2.0.在泡沫运移过程中,模拟柱中压力的产生主要发生并均匀分布在泡沫覆盖区域中,固定点处压力随时间呈直线增加趋势;泡沫在1~1.2mm介质中的有效粘度为85.49mPa·s,是水在介质中运移有效粘度的84.64倍(水的有效粘度为1.01mPa·s).由此可知,泡沫注入模拟柱时需要较大的压力,主要是由于泡沫的有效粘性较大引起的.介质渗透率对泡沫注入压力的影响主要取决于泡沫注入速率;当单位面积泡沫注入速率相同时,泡沫注入压力随介质渗透率增大而降低. 当泡沫质量为91.4%时,当泡沫注入速率由2.1mL/min升高至3.2mL/min与4.4mL/min时,压力梯度由26.95psi/m升高至30.74与46.40psi/m,而当泡沫注入速率为3.2mL/min时,当泡沫质量由93.5%降低至91.4%与88.2%时,压力梯度由30.16psi/m升高至30.74与34.57psi/m,由此可知,泡沫质量与泡沫注入速率均对泡沫注入速率产生影响,然而泡沫注入速率的影响大于泡沫质量对注入压力的影响.     

多孔介质过滤细颗粒

以活性炭为过滤介质,利用其多孔结构脱除细颗粒,实现低压降除尘工艺。研究活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观过滤风速等条件对多孔介质过滤细颗粒效果的影响,并通过表面光滑的不锈钢珠进行实验作对比,分析多孔介质过滤细颗粒的机理。结果表明：活性炭颗粒对细颗粒的过滤效率明显高于表面光滑的不锈钢珠。过滤效率随活性炭颗粒粒径和表观过滤风速的减小而增加,当粒径从1.5 mm降至0.45 mm时,平均过滤率从53.17%升至80.34%,当表观风速从26.54 cm·s-1降到1.66 cm·s-1时,平均过滤率从41.89%升至75.24%。过滤效率随滤层厚度的增加明显增加,当层厚从60 mm增加到140 mm时,过滤效率从47.62%增大到70.78%。不同实验条件下,过滤压降都没有随时间有明显变化,细颗粒没有在活性炭颗粒表层形成粉尘层。活性炭颗粒床主要是依靠细颗粒扩散、惯性碰撞和拦截效应沉积在活性炭多孔结构内,从而脱除细颗粒。     

Effect of goethite coating and humic acid on the transport of bacteriophage PRD1 in columns of saturated sand

The transport of bacteriophage PRD1, a model virus, was studied in columns containing sediment mixtures of quartz sand with goethite-coated sand and using various solutions consisting of monovalent and divalent salts and humic acid (HA). Without HA and in the absence of sand, the inactivation rate of PRD1 was found to be as low as 0.014 day(-1) (at 5+/-3 degrees C), but in the presence of HA it was much lower (0.0009 day(-1)), indicating that HA helps PRD1 to survive. When the fraction of goethite in the sediment was increased, the removal of PRD1 also increased. However, in the presence of HA, C/C0 values of PRD1 increased by as much as 5 log units, thereby almost completely eliminating the effect of addition of goethite. The sticking efficiency was not linearly dependent on the amount of goethite added to the quartz sand; this is apparently due to surface charge heterogeneity of PRD1. Our results imply that, in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), viruses can be transported for long distances thanks to two effects: attachment is poor because DOM has occupied favourable sites for attachment and inactivation of virus may have decreased. This conclusion justifies making conservative assumptions about the attachment of viruses when calculating protection zones for groundwater wells.     

大孔阴树脂及其白球对水中低浓度苯酚吸附行为的研究

研究了作为高分子材料的大孔阴树脂及其对应白球对水中低浓度苯酚的吸附行为，详细考察了吸附过程的吸附容量、速度等吸附参数以及ｐＨ、Ｃａ＾２＋、腐殖质等因素对吸附的影响，并对试验结果从理论上进行了分析与探讨。     

汽车尾气净化催化剂涂层改性研究

汽车尾气净化催化剂的净化转化效果及其耐久性,与催化剂涂层的涂覆量以及涂层和载体的结合强度密切相关.本文研究了几种不同类型表面活性剂对浆料固体含量、涂层涂覆量以及涂层结合强度的影响.研究结果表明,不使用表面活性剂时,30%为最佳的固体含量;在使用表面活性剂的情况下,浆料的固体含量可以提高至35%.非离子型表面活性剂有助于提高催化剂涂层涂覆量,而使用离子型表面活性剂的浆料球磨过程中产生大量泡沫,无法涂覆.使用非离子型表面活性剂的催化剂涂层的结合强度最好.     

高比表面积掺氮多孔炭的制备及其对金霉素的吸附性能研究

以煤沥青为碳源,三聚氰胺为氮源,MgO模板耦合KOH活化一步法热解制备具有高比表面积的掺氮多孔炭MCC_x,其中x代表不同的氮源添加含量。采用比表面积及孔径分布(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法对MCC_x进行了表征分析,并考察了MCC_x对金霉素的吸附性能。结果表明,当煤沥青与三聚氰胺的质量比为0.5时,制得的MCC_0.5表面富含大量孔道,且伴随堆积褶皱片层,其微孔比表面积可达到2 042 m²·g⁻¹。傅立叶变换红外光谱图表明MCC_x出现了芳香族化合物的C＝N键的伸缩振动。XPS分析结果表明三聚氰胺的添加成功为材料引入氮元素,MCC_0.5吡啶N含量最高。Langmuir吸附等温线模型能很好的描述MCC_0.5对金霉素的吸附过程,最大理论吸附量达到1 056 mg·g⁻¹。     

水热炭化废弃生物质的研究进展

针对近年来水热炭化技术在废弃生物质处理及资源化利用方面的研究进展,着重讨论水热炭化技术处理废弃生物质的种类、实施方法、炭化物改性及应用,并分析了当前研究需要解决的问题,展望了水热炭化废弃生物质的研究动向。     

Polymer coating of copper oxide nanoparticles increases nanoparticles uptake and toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are frequently used in a polymer-coated form, to be included in paints or fabrics for antimicrobial properties. Their application in antifouling paints may lead to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicological risk of NPs in the environment is hard to evaluate due to a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms of NP interaction with biological systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of polymer coating on CuO NP toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by comparing bare and polymer-coated CuO NPs prepared from the same CuO nanopowder. Both CuO NP suspensions were toxic to C. reinhardtii after 6 h treatment to concentrations of 0.005-0.04 g L⁻¹. Bare and polymer-coated CuO NPs induced a decrease of Photosystem II activity and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Polymer-coated CuO NP was found to be more toxic than the uncoated CuO NP. The higher toxicity of CS-CuO NP was mainly associated with the increased capacity of polymer-coated CuO NP to penetrate the cell compared to bare CuO NPs. These results indicates that the high toxicity of polymer-coated CuO NPs in algal cells results of intracellular interactions between NPs and the cellular system.