Post‐Ike economic resilience along the Texas coast

The economic devastation resulting from recent natural disasters has spawned intense interest in programmes that promote regional resilience. The economic impacts of Hurricane Ike (September 2008) endured long beyond the storm's landfall, compounded by a national recession. This study analyses the pattern of post‐Ike industrial growth in eight coastal counties of Texas, United States, and identifies sources of resilience and potential drivers of recovery. The results indicate that post‐disaster growth patterns differ from established growth patterns. Levels of resilience vary across industrial sectors, and service sectors tend to lead a recovery. The resilience of the hotel and restaurant sector, for instance, suggests that the presence of relief workers might immunise certain sectors against a post‐disaster economic downturn. Besides the sectors that are generally resilient, each county has its own distinct sectors that, depending on the extent of the damage suffered, tend to perform strongly after a disaster, owing to the characteristics of the respective county's economy.     

Minimization of socioeconomic disruption for displaced populations following disasters

In the aftermath of catastrophic natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis and earthquakes, emergency management agencies come under intense pressure to provide temporary housing to address the large‐scale displacement of the vulnerable population. Temporary housing is essential to enable displaced families to reestablish their normal daily activities until permanent housing solutions can be provided. Temporary housing decisions, however, have often been criticized for their failure to fulfil the socioeconomic needs of the displaced families within acceptable budgets. This paper presents the development of (1) socioeconomic disruption metrics that are capable of quantifying the socioeconomic impacts of temporary housing decisions on displaced populations; and (2) a robust multi‐objective optimization model for temporary housing that is capable of simultaneously minimizing socioeconomic disruptions and public expenditures in an effective and efficient manner. A large‐scale application example is optimized to illustrate the use of the model and demonstrate its capabilities ingenerating optimal plans for realistic temporary housing problems.     

Emotional,physical, and social needs among 0–5‐year‐old children displaced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake: associated characteristics and exposures

An 8.8‐magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010, displacing nearly 2,000 children aged less than five years to emergency housing camps. Nine months later, this study assessed the needs of 140 displaced 0–5‐year‐old children in six domains: caregiver stability and protection; health; housing; nutrition; psychosocial situation; and stimulation. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the degree to which emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with baseline characteristics and exposure to the earthquake, to stressful events, and to ongoing risks in the proximal post‐earthquake context. In each domain, 20 per cent or fewer children had unmet needs. Of all children in the sample, 20 per cent had unmet needs in multiple domains. Children's emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with ongoing exposures amenable to intervention, more than with baseline characteristics or epicentre proximity. Relief efforts should address multiple interrelated domains of child well‐being and ongoing risks in post‐disaster settings.     

Assessment on Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality of Phreatic Aquifers – a River Basin System

Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between 5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 μS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride contents were found to be within the permissible limits.     

胺基碳捕集工艺过程中VOCs排放与迁移

胺基碳捕集工艺是燃烧后CO_2捕集的主要方法,是目前工业上降低CO_2排放的有效措施,但会导致其他污染物的排放,如胺溶剂蒸发、降解产物(硝胺、亚硝胺等)挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放。在总结前人研究成果基础上探讨了胺基碳捕集工艺释放VOCs的排放过程,对VOCs扩散与迁移模型进行系统总结和分析,为CO_2捕集工程的安全设计和环境评价提供可借鉴的经验与思路。     

开展企业环境影响后评价的思考研究

环境影响后评价是环境影响评价的继续和深入,是根据环保法规对已投产使用的建设项目进行验证和评价,是环境整体评价的重要环节。总结了国内外环境影响后评价的发展过程,关于环境影响后评价的理论和方法体系仍在不断进行深化和发展,以海洋石油开发工程为例,介绍了国家海洋局南海环境监测中心在北部湾油田开发工程中开展环境影响后评价的方法和意义。根据环境影响评价和环境影响后评价的不同作用和目的,对环境影响后评价的发展提出了一些建议,环境影响后评价应该与环境影响评价具有等同的法律效力。     

城市公共安全应急决策支持系统研究

针对合肥市公共安全应急决策需求,围绕火灾、爆炸与毒气泄漏等突发重大事故,研究灾害事故监测技术、模拟预测方法,集成Internet、GIS、无线数据传输、无线通讯等信息化技术,以分布式的形式整合各独立系统,构建应急管理与决策系统平台.选择安徽氯碱化工集团、西气东输合肥市天然气门站以及安徽乐普生商业中心三个特色功能区,采用高速网络、可视化视频电话系统和远程无线视频监控等技术,组建了合肥市公共安全应急示范系统.实践表明,在城市可视化与数字化的基础上,该系统能够实现城市灾害信息的科学管理,实现各种灾害的分析模拟、公共安全规划以及应急决策支持,从而有效提高突发性城市公共安全应急的效率和响应速度,为城市公共安全的应急工作提供了有效的辅助手段.     

A comparative study of prenatal ultrasound findings and post-mortem examination in a tertiary referral centre

This retrospective study compares the findings of prenatal ultrasound, performed in a tertiary fetal medicine centre, with the results of post-mortem examination in pregnancies complicated by suspected fetal abnormality that results in fetal loss. The study was carried out over a year at a teaching hospital, Fetal Medicine Centre and Regional Centre for Perinatal Pathology. Results were directly compared and the level of agreement between the ultrasound and post-mortem findings described. These were classified as having complete agreement; major agreement or major disagreement. The group of cases with major agreement between findings was further divided into those with significant, or minor, additional findings at post-mortem examination. Over the 12-month period, 153 ultrasound cases were identified, of which 47 were also examined by autopsy and were thus suitable for comparison in this study (30.7%). Complete agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was found in 22 cases (46.8%). In 24 cases (51.1%), major agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen. Of these, 11 had minor additional findings at post-mortem examination and 13 were found to have significant additional findings at post-mortem (27.7%), adding to the eventual diagnosis. In 12.8% of cases, post-mortem examination provided a definitive diagnosis. Only in one case was there complete discordance in the findings of the ultrasound examination and the autopsy (2.1%). No major disagreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen in 98% of cases. This study confirms the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis in specialist centres, whilst emphasising the continuing importance of post-mortem examination in cases of fetal malformation to refine and, in some cases, define the diagnosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湘东北燕山晚期花岗岩构造环境判别

在湘东北中生代多期陆内花岗岩浆活动中 ,燕山晚期花岗岩占有重要地位 ,燕山晚期大规模花岗岩侵入代表一种特殊的构造环境。本文通过湘东北主要燕山晚期花岗岩的岩石化学和微量元素来判别成岩构造环境 ,认为该期花岗岩属于富碱质的钙碱性花岗岩 ,为陆内拉张环境下的产物 ,进一步进行构造环境分类 ,判别其属于后造山PA型花岗岩 ,形成于造山作用后期的拉张环境 ,与陆内裂谷长期拉张的构造环境明显不同。在区域构造演化分析的基础上 ,提出湘东北燕山晚期花岗岩形成于印支—燕山早期陆内挤压 走滑剪切造山作用后期的构造松弛阶段拉张环境 ,燕山晚期PA型花岗岩的出现标志着陆内活化由挤压向拉张的构造转折 ,同时也反映湘东北的陆内活化至少经历了陆内挤压和陆内拉张两个演化阶段。     

气水比对后置固相反硝化滤池工艺脱氮及微生物群落影响

为解决现有低碳源污水处理工艺能耗高、工艺复杂和脱氮效果不佳等问题,首次提出一种新型的混凝沉淀/后置固相反硝化滤池工艺(CS-BAF-SPDB).重点研究了气水比对该工艺脱氮效率的影响,同时采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术从微观微生物群落的角度揭示了宏观运行条件对脱氮效率影响的机理.研究结果表明,为同时获得理想的硝化和反硝化效果,后置固相反硝化滤池工艺中硝化滤池的气水比应该设定为4∶1.同时,宏观运行参数对BAF和SPDB处理效果的影响和微观微生物群落的动态变化直接相关.在BAF中氨氧化菌(Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(Nitrosomonas sp.Nm47)的组成、数量与活性随气水比的变化直接决定了BAF中硝化效果的好坏,而SPDB中固体碳源降解反硝化微生物Pseudomonas sp.、Myxobacterium AT3-03和异养反硝化菌Dechloromonas agitate、Comamonas granuli和Rubrivivax gelatinosus的群落结构随气水比的变化直接决定了SPDB中有机碳源的释放和反硝化效能的优劣.