构建新型危险化学品安全管理体制

随着我国经济的快速发展,危险化学品事故频频发生。现行危险化学品安全管理体制存在漏洞是其主要原因。笔者认为现行危险化学品安全管理体制主要存在5个方面不足:管理体制与市场经济体制不符;行业管理未能实现;中介作用没有发挥;工会维权力量薄弱;公众参与严重不足等。为此,建议建立政府、市场和民众相互协调的危险化学品安全管理体制,即“政府监管、市场调节和社会监督”。其中,政府监管包括政府管理和国家监督,市场调节包括企业责任和中介服务,社会监督包括员工维权和公众参与。     

Eco-Environmental Evolution, Control, and Adjustment for Aibi Lake Catchment

Aibi Lake in north Xinjiang is a typical lake of the arid area, but with a peculiar wetland–arid area ecosystem. Due to the climate becoming drier and the disturbance of human activities, the eco-environment of Aibi Lake catchment has degraded. It was found in our study that there were spatial–temporal changes of vegetation cover, plant species, and soil physical and chemical properties in the catchment. In the upper section of alluvial–fluvial plains, the desertified steppe of Stipa and Artemisia spp. is developed with vegetation cover of some 50%. Haloxylon ammodendron desert occupies the lower section with vegetation cover of some 60%. In these regions with an intensive human disturbance, vegetation has degraded into herb vegetation of annual plant complexes. On the margins of the alluvial–fluvial fans, the lakeshore, and the surrounding regions where the river mouths join the lake, different azonal vegetation—Phragmites communis marsh, Phragmites communis meadow, and Tamarix shrubs—have developed with a vegetation cover of some 80%. On heavier, salinized land, succulent halophyte desert vegetation dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum has formed with a fractional canopy cover of 10–15%. Haloxylon persicum, Aristida pennata, and other species with a vegetation cover of 30–50% grow in the sand desert zone on the periphery in the lake. In contrast with the 1950s, the vegetation cover around the lakebed and at the river deltas has slightly increased; however, the vegetation cover around the periphery of the lake has decreased and the plant species have still degraded. The surface soils on the windward area and the dried lakebed that have lost vegetation protection have become coarser, whereas the land on the leeward side of the lake has accumulated fine particles. In contrast with the 1980s, soil organic matter has declined markedly. The analyses of climatic data show that the number of days of drifting dust in Jinghe County and Bole City increased in the last 20 years. In the investigation, we found that intensively developed land, the bare lakebed, and abandoned cultivated land provided a great deal of material for drifting dust. In conclusion, we consider the eco-environmental degradation resulting from the inappropriate human activities and put forward recommendations for land-use adjustment and dust control.     

人工湿地资源价值整体调整系数研究

构造人工湿地整体指标评价体系,采用三标度层次分析法计算权重初值,并结合Delphi专家咨询法和神经网络BP算法计算权重调整值,利用整体调整系数对人工湿地资源价值进行调整计算。以沈阳市马官桥人工湿地为例,计算出整体调整系数为1.2945,表明调整前的资源价值计算结果偏低;调整后资源价值为20453.98万元,比调整前增加4664.3万元,经济效益更加显著。     

Impacts of meteorology and precursor emission change on O3 variation in Tianjin, China from 2015 to 2021

Deterioration of surface ozone (O₃) pollution in Northern China over the past few years received much attention. For many cities, it is still under debate whether the trend of surface O₃ variation is driven by meteorology or the change in precursors emissions. In this work, a time series decomposition method (Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL)) and random forest (RF) algorithm were utilized to quantify the meteorological impacts on the recorded O₃ trend and identify the key meteorological factors affecting O₃ pollution in Tianjin, the biggest coastal port city in Northern China. After “removing” the meteorological fluctuations from the observed O₃ time series, we found that variation of O₃ in Tianjin was largely driven by the changes in precursors emissions. The meteorology was unfavorable for O₃ pollution in period of 2015-2016, and turned out to be favorable during 2017-2021. Specifically, meteorology contributed 9.3 µg/m³ O₃ (13%) in 2019, together with the increase in precursors emissions, making 2019 to be the worst year of O₃ pollution since 2015. Since then, the favorable effects of meteorology on O₃ pollution tended to be weaker. Temperature was the most important factor affecting O₃ level, followed by air humidity in O₃ pollution season. In the midday of summer days, O₃ pollution frequently exceeded the standard level (>160 µg/m³) at a combined condition with relative humidity in 40%-50% and temperature > 31°C. Both the temperature and the dryness of the atmosphere need to be subtly considered for summer O₃ forecasting.     

绿色贸易壁垒与农业生态环境保护

概述了世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的原则和规则。阐述了欧盟的有关农产品质量标准和农产品标准的管理法规。分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国农业结构战略性调整带来的影响以及对农业生态环境建设所提出的要求。最后，提出了我国克服绿色贸易壁垒的措施和手段。     

4200快速气体分析仪在环境应急监测中的应用

根据应急监测的要求以及4200快速气体分析仪的特点，重点研究了仪器在应急监测使用中应注意的问题。     

环境政策综合调控机制及理论

环境政策综合调控系统由环境问题、不良环境行为等成分构成，各成分的相互作用及环境政策调控主体与政策对象的博弈影响环境政策效率。使用环境政策综合调控模型，准确调控位置、调控对象、利用综合调控工具能为环境政策调控创造条件和环境。     

城市环境问题与生态调控

应用复合生态系统理论系统分析了城市生态系统的组成、结构和功能特点，介绍了城市生态调控的主要方法及生态规划、生态工程、生态管理的研究内容。生态学原理及城市复合生态系统理论指导下的城市生态调控，是解决我国城市发展与环境保护问题，最终实现人与自然和谐统一、人与环境共同进化的重要途径。     

ENHANCEMENT OF RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS WITH CHANNEL STRUCTURES1

ABSTRACT: Naturally occurring and man-made structures can be used for enhancing the development of riparian zones. Naturally occurring structures are cienagas, beaver dams, and log steps. Man-made structures include large and small channel structures and bank protection devices. All these structures affect streamflow hydraulics and sedimentation and can create a more favorable environment for riparian zone establishment. However, when they are used improperly, they can be destructive to existing riparian zones. Since stream processes are generally slow, long-time spans may pass before the effects of management action, good or bad, become visible. Also, the effects of large dam installations may appear a long distance downstream from the dam. Therefore, investigations must be of a wide scope. Interactions between riparian site, channel, and streamflow may be so complex that an interdisciplinary approach is required.     

双向调控管理模式在县域生态建设中的应用

双向调控管理模式是我国在长期城市环境治理与生态建设实践中积累的成功模式之一。县域生态系统的特点以及县域系统中的各种生态问题起因人们对系统的不适应调控的现实说明：该模式的实质同样适用于县域生态建设。