火灾下钢筋混凝土板温度场分布

本文对足尺钢筋混凝土板进行了恒载下受火试验研究,通过试验,了解了钢筋混凝土板在受火过程中的温度分布规律;并与有限元分析结果进行了对照,结果吻合较好。全部火灾试验采用自行研制的火灾试验炉,试验结果表明炉子性能稳定、使用方便。     

地下复杂组合受限空间火灾分区现象与初期模式实验研究

主要介绍地下狭长与组合受限空间油料介质火灾分区现象、初期火灾主要模式模拟实验研究结果与讨论;地下组合受限空间火灾呈现出特殊的分区现象。一般可分为燃烧区、新鲜空气补充区、烟气流区、过渡区和火焰后面的“惰化区”五区。有上下两层的地下复杂组合受限空间可分为燃烧区、烟气流区、新鲜空气补充区和“惰化区”4区。地下受限空间(包括组合受限空间、容积式受限空间和狭长受限空间)密闭条件下火灾初期模式主要有：爆炸、爆炸减弱、爆炸增强、燃烧、爆燃向爆轰发展。地下复杂组合受限空间下部与下部狭长受限空间分别全开口条件下着火后火灾主要模式为爆炸、燃烧、爆炸后持续燃烧、爆炸后短时燃烧、爆炸后发展为出口外爆炸;爆炸又可分为爆炸强度逐步加强、爆炸由爆燃发展为爆轰、爆炸强度逐步减弱。     

材料参数及工艺参数对盒形件成形性能的影响研究

主要研究了材料参数及工艺参数对盒形件成形性能的影响 ,通过正交试验和计算机数值模拟相结合 ,确定了最佳的参数组合方式 ,并用该最优数据进行实际冲压 ,得到的结果与最优模拟结果比较吻合     

Remediation of arsenic-contaminated paddy field by a new iron oxidizing strain (Ochrobactrum sp.) and iron-modified biochar

Iron-oxidizing strain (FeOB) and iron modified biochars have been shown arsenic (As) remediation ability in the environment. However, due to the complicated soil environment, few field experiment has been conducted. The study was conducted to investigate the potential of iron modified biochar (BC-FeOS) and biomineralization by a new found FeOB to remediate As-contaminated paddy field. Compared with the control, the As contents of G_B (BC-FeOS), G_F (FeOB), G_FN (FeOB and nitrogen fertilizer), G_BF (BC-FeOS and FeOB) and G_BFN (BC-FeOS, FeOB and nitrogen fertilizer) treatments in pore water decreased by 36.53%–80.03% and the microbial richness of iron-oxidizing bacteria in these treatments increased in soils at the rice maturation stage. The concentrations of available As of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN at the tillering stage were significantly decreased by 10.78%–55.48%. The concentrations of nonspecifically absorbed and specifically absorbed As fractions of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN in soils were decreased and the amorphous and poorly crystalline hydrated Fe and Al oxide-bound fraction was increased. Moreover, the As contents of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN in rice grains were significantly decreased (*P < 0.05) and the total As contents of G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN were lower than the standard limit of the National Standard for Food Safety (GB 2762-2017). Compared with the other treatments, G_BFN showed the greatest potential for the effective remediation of As-contaminated paddy fields.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

温度对填埋有机垃圾厌氧降解影响实验研究

针对现有研究温度设置较少的现状,提出通过5个不同温度的设置来模拟温度对填埋有机垃圾厌氧降解的影响。结果表明,温度控制在41℃和45℃的模拟垃圾柱C4和C5,在实验进行到140d,渗滤液COD浓度分别由最大值86614mg/L和90000mg/L降低到5216.5mg/L和5413.4mg/L,渗滤液中COD浓度分别降低了93.98%和93.99%,同时垃圾柱C4产生的填埋气体中甲烷含量最高且稳定,从而显示了实施温度控制对渗滤液污染防治和填埋气体回收利用的强大优势。该项研究为加速厌氧填埋场中垃圾的稳定化进程提供了参考。     

内蒙古典型草原土壤及其水文过程对灌丛化的响应

基于野外观测和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化过程对土壤和土壤水文过程的影响,旨在为干旱半干旱区环境保护和恢复提供理论基础。结果表明,斑块尺度上,灌丛斑块土壤有机质和全氮含量分别是草地斑块的1.54倍和1.16倍;灌丛斑块平均沙粒、粉粒和粘粒含量是草地斑块的0.87倍、1.34倍和1.35倍;灌丛斑块土壤容重是草地斑块的0.97倍;灌丛斑块钙积层上表面出现深度是草地斑块的1.27倍。地形等自然条件也是形成土壤异质性的重要因子,坡面尺度上,灌丛和草地斑块土壤有机质、全氮、土壤容重、土壤钙积层上表面出现深度呈自坡顶向坡下方向增加的趋势。染色示踪实验表明,灌丛斑块土壤剖面湿润锋和土壤水分入渗速率分别是草地斑块的1.36倍和5.16倍,草地斑块0~10cm土层对水分的响应较敏感,而灌丛斑块25 cm以下土层对水分的响应较敏感。研究认为,灌丛化过程增强了土壤空间异质性,灌丛斑块能将土壤水分快速输送并存储于深层土壤中,灌丛斑块是土壤养分和水分富集区,灌木植物的定居和发展过程与土壤形态之间形成了正反馈。     

博落回对不同化学形态铀的富集特征

为了研究陆生植物博落回（Macleaya Cordata）对不同化学形态铀的富集特征,采用Visual MINTEQ地球化学平衡软件设计了五种含不同化学形态铀[UO₂2+、CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2-、UO₂Cit-、（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-和UO₂HPO₄]的培养液,开展水培试验.博落回在这五种培养液中分别培养1、5、10、15、20和25 d后,测定其株高、根长和干质量,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定其地上部分和根部的w（铀）.结果表明:在不同化学形态铀胁迫下,博落回株高无显著差异,UO₂HPO₄可促进博落回根的生长,而（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-降低了博落回的干质量.并且,博落回根部对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂2+ > UO₂HPO₄ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-,博落回地上部分对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4- > UO₂2+ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂HPO₄.此外,博落回根部对UO₂2+的富集能力很高,但地上部分很低.添加柠檬酸,培养液中铀的主要化学形态为UO₂Cit-,并且在100 mg/L铀的胁迫下,博落回对UO₂Cit-的生物富集系数和转移系数分别达到0.09和8.53.因此,要提高博落回对铀污染土壤中铀的富集和转移,可添加柠檬酸,促使土壤中铀的形态以UO₂Cit-为主,同时要降低土壤中碳酸盐和磷酸盐的含量.      

测定分配系数(Kd)方法的讨论

根据静态被动资料讨论了影响分配系数的主要因素,认为准确测定分配系数的关键是要求实验模型对自然体系具备足够的模拟性。文中提出了测定Ｋｓ的动态模拟实验方法。研究表明,在很多情况下该法算的Ｋｄ值接近实际,且该法具有简便,实用等优点。对某些情况,如快速反应,则分配系数可用动态模拟实验的特例－静态模拟实验来测定,同样能得到接近实际的值,且过程更为简单。     

Integrating nature-based tourism and forestry in private lands under heterogeneous visitor preferences for forest attributes

Developing nature-based tourism in private lands calls for new mechanisms to consolidate the interests of the tourism industry, visitors, and landowners. This choice experiment study elaborates on the heterogeneity of visitors’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for enhanced forest amenities and ecosystem services. The survey, targeting domestic and foreign tourists visiting the Ruka-Kuusamo area in Finland, considered four attributes: landscape quality, outdoor routes, forest biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. For observed heterogeneity, the visitors were grouped by their attitudes towards forest management. Unobserved heterogeneity in visitors’ choice behaviour and WTP was examined with the latent class model. While most visitors had environmentally friendly attitudes and were willing to pay, especially for enhanced landscape quality and biodiversity, considerable heterogeneity was revealed in terms of three segments with distinctive attitudes, choice behaviour and WTP. The variation in WTP has important implications for the design of a scheme of payments for environmental management.