中国县域资源组合结构的分类研究

按区域经济的发展，遵循资源分布的地域分异规律，论述了中国县域资源的地域组合结构的分类问题。首先对采用多因素综合作用、自然资源与经济资源兼容组合、资源优势、资源系统良性循环等原则进行了必要性的论证；在此基础上重点对其分类方法进行了具体说明，其主要步骤是在确定10种主要的县域资源，建立相关在指标体系的前提下，鉴于威弗组合指数对于划分县域资源组合结构类型的可行性，运用改造过的,角立县域资源地域组合结构类型的划分程序与计算方法。最后，按此分类法，把我国县域资源地域组合结构类型划分为自然资源型、自然资源主导型、自然资源与经济资源混合型、经济资源主导型、经济资源密集类等5个一级类型及其下属的8个二级类型。     

The global partnership for sustainable development

This paper examines whether foreign aid, together with other economic, social and environmental factors, contributes to sustainable development. It starts with an illustrative theoretical growth model where foreign aid promotes sustainable development by protecting the environment. Using factor analysis and newly developed estimation methods for a dynamic panel data model with endogenous regressors, the empirical section of the paper finds evidence that foreign aid has had a significantly positive influence on sustainable development in aid recipient countries. This effect is very likely to go through channels related to growth and resources as well as a technology channel with respect to energy intensity. This research has important implications for a post‐2015 development framework on international collective action with regard to a sustainable future.     

The evolution of socio-ecological systems: changing palm species management in the Colombian Amazon as an indicator of ecological and institutional change

We investigate natural resource governance in three indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon. We base our analysis on an evolutionary governance model in which governance dimensions emerge as relevant through time. The less accessible of the communities represents earlier steps in governance evolution, while the more physically accessible is more integrated into the western scene. We observe how increased physical accessibility in a community brings in western governance models which hybridize with more traditional ones, influencing the couplings between the social and ecological systems. We zoom in on changing management of three commonly used palm species and illustrate how detailed studies of natural resource management contribute to understanding governance evolution. By comparing governance evolutions we were able to gain insights and improve our understanding on how natural resource management changes in communities transiting into western ways of living. In doing so we recognized points of rigidity and flexibility which might influence the social ecological systems capacity to adapt to changing conditions.     

Mg2+ improves biomass production from soybean wastewater using purple non-sulfur bacteria

Soybean wastewater was used to generate biomass resource by use of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB). This study investigated the enhancement of PNSB cell accumulation in wastewater by Mg²⁺ under the light-anaerobic condition. Results showed that with the optimal Mg²⁺ dosage of 10 mg/L, biomass production was improved by 70% to 3630 mg/L, and biomass yield also was improved by 60%. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal reached above 86% and hydraulic retention time was shortened from 96 to 72 hr. The mechanism analysis indicated that Mg²⁺ could promote the content of bacteriochlorophyll in photosynthesis because Mg²⁺ is the bacteriochlorophyll active center, and thus improved adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. An increase of ATP production enhanced the conversion of organic matter in wastewater into PNSB cell materials (biomass yield) and COD removal, leading to more biomass production. With 10 mg/L Mg²⁺, bacteriochlorophyll content and ATP production were improved by 60% and 33% respectively.     

不同方法测定水体总氮存在的问题探讨及条件优化研究

利用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法,探讨了消解时间和消解温度对空白吸光值的影响,认为增加消解时间可以降低空白吸光值,而提高消解温度对空白吸光值的影响不大;对于某些样品中总氮含量低于氨氮含量的现象,将碱性过硫酸钾装入小试管,再放入装有水样的比色管中,虽然能够减少氨气形式逸出的氮含量,但回收率较低;连续流动和流动注射-盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法,在以后的修订中应增加过硫酸钾含氮量以及镉柱还原能力大小的界定.     

2014年-2020年江苏省城镇化的边际资源环境影响预测分析研究

利用历史数据,选取合适计算模型,定量预测了2014年-2020年江苏省城镇化边际资源环境影响,即以与城镇化发展密切相关的资源使用量或者城镇生活污染物排放量较上一年的增量,除以当年城镇化率增量,得到江苏省城镇化水平每提高一个百分点带来的资源环境影响,以期为江苏环境管理及政府综合决策提供切实有效的数据依据.结果表明:未来7年,江苏省城镇化率每上升1个百分点,增加城镇生活用水量约0.5亿立方米、城镇建设用地面积16万亩;增加城镇生活污水排放量1.15亿吨、生活氮氧化物排放量10 228吨、生活垃圾产生量36.4万吨;减少生活COD排放量7 549吨、生活氨氮排放量762吨、生活二氧化硫(SO2)排放量371吨.     

江汉平原土地资源诅咒效应研究

将资源诅咒的研究领域由传统的矿产资源转向土地资源研究问题域,以近10a江汉平原18个县(市)的统计数据为依据,运用诅咒系数对其进行资源诅咒的实证分析。结果显示,近年来发展滞后的荆州市所辖的监利县、江陵县以及其他7个县市的土地资源诅咒系数大于1,确实存在资源诅咒现象,且江陵县与监利县还属于严重诅咒区。通过对选取指标作进一步的计算分析,得出导致其产生资源诅咒的原因主要为:以土地资源为依托的农业没有得到高效发展,而受到发展观念与投入等束缚,其二、三产业发展同样滞后。根据影响资源诅咒地区产业发展的具体因素,有针对性地给出化解土地资源诅咒的对策建议,为今后资源诅咒地区打破诅咒束缚,持续快速发展指明方向。     

The social and ecological determinants of common pool resource sustainability

We study a dynamic common pool resource game in which current resource stock depends on resource extraction in the previous period. Our model shows that for a sufficiently high regrowth rate, there is no commons dilemma: the resource will be preserved indefinitely in equilibrium. Lower growth rates lead to depletion. Laboratory tests of the model indicate that favorable ecological characteristics are necessary but insufficient to encourage effective CPR governance. Before the game, we elicit individual willingness to follow a costly rule. Only the presence of enough rule-followers preserves the resource given favorable ecological conditions.     

Integrating long-term stewardship goals into the remediation process: natural resource damages and the Department of Energy

The United States and other developed countries are faced with restoring and managing degraded ecosystems. Evaluations of the degradation of ecological resources can be used for determining ecological risk, making remediation or restoration decisions, aiding stakeholders with future land use decisions, and assessing natural resource damages. Department of Energy (DOE) lands provide a useful case study for examining degradation of ecological resources in light of past or present land uses and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). We suggest that past site history should be incorporated into the cleanup and restoration phase to reduce the ultimate NRDA costs, and hasten resource recovery. The lands that DOE purchased over 50 years ago ranged from relatively undisturbed to heavily impacted farmland, and the impact that occurred from DOE occupation varies from regeneration of natural ecosystems (benefits) to increased exposure to several stressors (negative effects). During the time of the DOE releases, other changes occurred on the lands, including recovery from the disturbance effects of farming, grazing, and residential occupation, and the cessation of human disturbance. Thus, the injury to natural resources that occurred as a result of chemical and radiological releases occurred on top of recovery of already degraded systems. Both spatial (size and dispersion of patch types) and temporal (past/present/future land use and ecological condition) components are critical aspects of resource evaluation, restoration, and NRDA. For many DOE sites, integrating natural resource restoration with remediation to reduce or eliminate the need for NRDA could be a win-win situation for both responsible parties and natural resource trustees by eliminating costly NRDAs by both sides, and by restoring natural resources to a level that satisfies the trustees, while being cost-effective for the responsible parties. It requires integration of remediation, restoration, and end-state planning to a greater degree than is currently done at most DOE sites.     

It’s All in the Numbers: Acreage Tallies and Environmental Program Evaluation

Increasingly, performance measurement is being used to hold federal agencies accountable, represent environmental progress, and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental programs. The need to track measurable outputs has created a tendency to present programmatic progress solely by quantifiable data, despite the inherent complexity of natural resource management. Wetlands and fire management programs are two specific environmental arenas that have come to overemphasize the tracking of acreage numbers to validate existing policy direction. In both of these arenas, we find the definition and categorization of "countable" acres to be inconsistent and unreliable. We explore this systemic flaw for both wetlands and fire programs and describe its implications for environmental policy and natural resource management more broadly. We conclude with recommendations for improved performance measurement in these arenas.