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671.
672.
长三角地区池塘养殖水产品体内农药类污染与食用风险评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了解池塘养殖水产品体内的农药污染情况,以便为水产品质量评价及保障当地居民的饮食健康提供科学依据,本研究采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)对长三角地区13个养殖池塘中5类(蟹类、鳖类、蚌类、虾类、鱼类)水产品体内9种有机磷农药(OPPs)、8种有机氯农药(OCPs)以及4种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)进行了检测,并初步分析了其污染来源。结果表明,水产品体内3类农药均有检出,但残留水平均不高,OPPs残留总量为未检出至299 ng·g-1(dw),三唑磷、伏杀硫磷、喹硫磷和毒死蜱较易在水产品体内蓄积;OCPs残留总量为16~82 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为六六六(HCHs),主要来自历史残留;SPs残留总量为44~89 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为高效氯氟氰菊酯。水产品体内的农药污染可能与养殖池塘中的沉积物污染密切相关。5类水产品体内3类农药的总风险指数(HI)为0.0020~0.046,远小于1,因此,长三角地区由3类农药造成的健康风险处于安全水平。 相似文献
673.
Wheat products are consumed worldwide and every day; therefore, herbicides misuse in the wheat ecosystem has become a global food safety issue. Here, a simple and versatile method, QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure four herbicides in soil, wheat, and wheat straw – florasulam, carfentrazone-ethyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, and fluroxypyr. By adjusting the amount of graphitized carbon black from 0 to 10 mg, the herbicides could be extracted with satisfactory recoveries of 80%–110%. Application of two water-dispersible granules showed first-order kinetics as well as half-lives between 1.2 and 5.1 d under open-field conditions. The dissipation kinetics of the four herbicides differed in the soil, wheat, and wheat straw, with residual concentrations in straw at 2 h after application being higher than in soil and faster degradation occurring in straw. The terminal residues in soil, wheat grain, and wheat straw were all below the maximum residue limits. The developed method was easy to handle and versatile; thus, it will facilitate regulation and inspection for possible misuse against Good Agriculture Practices. Moreover, the results of this study will contribute to global environmental protection as well as food safety issues. 相似文献
674.
Júlia Szenczi-Cseh 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(9):658-670
The sources of quantitative and qualitative uncertainties of the exposure of a consumer to a pesticide residue are identified. The contribution of quantifiable uncertainties of input parameters of deterministic model to the combined uncertainty of the estimated exposure is shown with detailed calculation using the pesticide residue content of food consumed during two days. The daily intakes of bifenthrin residues calculated for the 60 kg bodyweight of the reporting person are 0.00257 mg/kgbw and 0.00281 mg/kgbw for day 1 and day 2, respectively with 27-28% combined uncertainty. The major contributors were fruits and whole meal bread. The contribution of the individual steps to the combined uncertainty depends on the particular food item. In general, the variability of recipes, estimation of the mass of consumed food, sampling, processing of raw commodities and analysis of pesticide residues influenced most, in decreasing order, the combined uncertainty of the estimated daily exposure. 相似文献
675.
Ewa Szpyrka Stanisław Walorczyk 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(2):131-137
Dissipation of fungicide difenoconazole (3-chloro-4-[(2RS,4RS;2RS,4SR)-4-methyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]phenyl 4-chlorophenyl ether) was studied following its application on apples intended for production of baby food. The apples (varieties: Jonagold Decosta, Gala and Idared) were sprayed with the formulation to control pathogens causing fungal diseases: powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha ELL et Ev./Salm.) and apple scab (Venturia inaequalis Cooke/Aderh.). A validated gas chromatography-based method with simultaneous electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD) was used for the residue analysis. The analytical performance of the method was highly satisfactory, with expanded uncertainties ≤ 19% (a coverage factor, k = 2, and a confidence level of 95%). The dissipation of difenoconazole was studied in pseudo-first-order kinetic models (for which the coefficients of determination, R2, ranged between 0.880 and 0.977). The half-life of difenoconazole was 12–21 days in experiments conducted on three apple varieties. In these experiments, the initial residue levels declined gradually and reached the level of 0.01 mg kg?1 in 50–79 days. For the residue levels to remain below 0.01 mg kg?1 (the maximum acceptable concentration for baby foods), difenoconazole must be applied approximately 3 months before harvest, at a dose of 0.2 L ha?1 (50 g of an active ingredient per ha). 相似文献
676.
废弃油基钻井液中废柴油再生工艺产生的废渣废液具有高COD和高色度等特点,直接外排对环境危害严重。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了该废弃物的最佳固化配方为:水泥∶粉煤灰为3∶2,水泥和粉煤灰加量30%,石膏加量1.5%,硫酸铝加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,废弃物浸出液的COD由10 062 mg/L降至62 mg/L,色度由500倍降至8倍,各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约120元/m3。通过固化体的宏观照片和微观SEM照片对固化机理进行了分析,结果表明,废弃物被稳固地包裹在固化体之中。 相似文献
677.
舟山近岸海域贝类中有机氯农药残留水平及人体健康风险评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
于2012年的7月在舟山群岛新区的海域采集贝类样本,测定了其中的有机氯农药残留量,并进行了人体健康风险评估和安全食用量推算。结果表明,采集的5种贝类样本中,六六六(BHCs)的各组分均未被检出,而滴滴涕(DDTs)在各种样本中均有检出,其中僧帽牡蛎和部分縊蛏样本中DDTs总量超过《海洋生物质量标准》(GB 18421—2001)一类标准(10μg/kg);健康风险评估结果显示,贝类样本中α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-滴滴伊(p,p’-DDE)、p,p’-滴滴滴(p,p’-DDD)、p,p’-DDT的总致癌风险指数均低于10-4,致癌风险均在可接受的安全范围,α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-DDE的总接触风险指数均小于1,接触风险指数未超过危害剂量参考值,人体食用舟山近岸海域的贝类是安全的;按可接受的致癌风险指数进行评估,人体的贝类安全消费量为9.8~138.0g/(kg·d)(按体重计,下同),而按可接受的接触风险指数进行评估,人体的贝类安全消费量在24.6~235.0g/(kg·d)。 相似文献
678.
679.
Bruno Spinosa DeMartinis Fernando Mauro Lanças 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):539-547
Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid‐phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low‐cost home‐made system that did not require the use of organic solvents. 相似文献
680.
A. Bélanger Herman A. Hamilton 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):213-226
Abstract The residues of disulfoton and permethrin in an organic soil and in vegetables grown in soil treated with a granular formulation of the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography. The residues were removed from soil or plant samples by successive extractions with acetone and hexane. Permethrin persisted in the soil for the initial 28 days and declined slowly during the rest of the season but disulfoton after persisting for one week at the applied concentration was degraded in the next two weeks. The insecticides did not translocate into the edible parts of the vegetables but were present in the root system of onion and lettuce. Carrot and lettuce yields were not significantly different from those of the controls but onion yields were substantially decreased by the use of per‐methrin. 相似文献