Sorption of chlorophenols onto fruit cuticles and potato periderm

To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles (i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper), and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components (waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar) on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity (i.e., K_ow ) of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components (wax, cutin and cutan) on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of K_oc to K_ow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.     

糠醛渣对苯酚吸附性能研究

文章研究了糠醛渣对苯酚的吸附性能。采用低温N2吸附-脱附和傅里叶红外光谱对糠醛渣进行了表征,测得糠醛渣的平均孔径为14.5 nm,孔容为0.016 cm3/g,BET比表面积为5.3 cm2/g,并且官能团丰富。室温下,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、苯酚的初始浓度、糠醛渣的粒度对吸附苯酚的影响。结果表明,当糠醛渣粒度为20目、加入量为2.0 g,吸附时间25 min,pH值为3,苯酚的初始浓度为0.1 g/L时,对溶液中苯酚的吸附率为95.2%。糠醛渣丰富的孔结构和较大的比表面积使其作为吸附剂,实现了以废治废的目的。     

利用污泥残渣制备生物絮凝剂及其絮凝机理的探讨

考察了由污泥残渣制备生物絮凝剂的条件,同时对其絮凝机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,絮凝剂的最佳制备条件为:污泥残渣浓度100 g/L,处理方式为水洗,水洗次数为3次。该絮凝剂具有良好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,储存100 d内,絮凝剂的絮凝活性均保持在94%以上;对其成分分析的测定结果表明该絮凝剂的主要成分为多糖类物质;絮凝剂与高岭土颗粒之间通过离子键结合;利用扫描电镜观察絮体形态,发现其结构密实,有利于絮体沉降。推测其絮凝机理为絮凝剂和高岭土之间首先以离子键结合,然后通过吸附架桥作用絮凝沉淀。     

贵阳市餐厨废弃物资源化体系构建

贵阳市餐厨废弃物资源化、无害化活动刚刚起步,面临着餐厨废弃物回收难等一系列问题。从行政管理、技术两个方面简要介绍了贵阳市餐厨废弃物资源化体系建设的现状,针对其中存在的问题,从政府机构、有资质的餐厨废弃物处理机构、餐饮企业、公众4个层次入手分析,初步构建了贵阳市餐厨废弃物资源化体系,从而促进餐厨废弃物的资源化。     

Washing treatment of automotive shredder residue (ASR)

Worldwide, the amount of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) reaches 50 million units per year. Once the ELV has been processed, it may then be shredded and sorted to recover valuable metals that are recycled in iron and steelmaking processes. The residual fraction, called automotive shredder residue (ASR), represents 25% of the ELV and is usually landfilled. In order to deal with the leachable fraction of ASR that poses a potential threat to the environment, a washing treatment before landfilling was applied. To assess the potential for full-scale application of washing treatment, tests were carried out in different conditions (L/S = 3 and 5 L/kg_TS; t = 3 and 6 h). Moreover, to understand whether the grain size of waste could affect the washing efficiency, the treatment was applied to ground (<4 mm) and not-ground samples. The findings obtained revealed that, on average, washing treatment achieved removal rates of more than 60% for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). With regard to metals and chlorides, sulphates and fluoride leachable fraction, a removal efficiency of approximately 60% was obtained, as confirmed also by EC values. The comparison between the results for ground and not-ground samples did not highlight significant differences.     

Fate of atrazine and chlorpyrifos during solid state fermentation—examination of processes

Abstract

Solid state fermentation (SSF) was investigated as a means to dispose of two commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (O, O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate) and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine). SSF experiments were carried out in bench‐scale bioreaetors (equipped with CO₂ and volatile organic traps) containing a mixture of lignocellulosic materials and a radiolabeled pesticide. Ethyl acetate‐extractable, alkali soluble, and alkali insoluble fractions were evaluated for radioactivity following a 60‐d incubation period at 40°C. The majority of the [2, 6‐pyridyl‐¹⁴C]chlorpyrifos was associated with the ethyl acetate extract (about 74%), 17% was trapped as organic volatiles by polyurethane foam traps and < 0.5% of the chlorpyrifos was mineralized to CO². Only small amounts of the radioactivity were associated with alkali soluble (0.0003%) and alkali insoluble (0.3%) fractions. In the [¹⁴C‐U‐ring] atrazine bioreactors, very little of the radioactivity volatilized (<0.5%) and less than 0.5% was mineralized to CO₂. Approximately 57% of the applied radioactivity was associated with the ethyl acetate extract while 9% and 24% of the radioactivity was associated with the alkali soluble (humic and fulvic acids) and alkali insoluble fractions, respectively. Possible reaction mechanisms by which covalent bonds could be formed between atrazine (or metabolites) and humic substances were investigated. The issue of bound atrazine residue (alkali soluble fraction) was at least partially resolved. Oxidative coupling experiments revealed that formation of covalent bond linkages between amino substituent groups of atrazine residue and humic substances is highly unlikely.     

Persistence of fluazinam in soil under boreal conditions

Abstract

Fluazinam, a widely used pesticide in conventional potato cultivation, is effective against epidemics of the fungal disease late blight. To assess fluazinam persistence in soil, laboratory experiments were conducted with fluazinam added to soil as a pure chemical or contained in the commercial product Shirlan^®. In a follow-up experiment, the persistence was monitored under constant temperature and water content conditions during a maximum period of 1?year. In an annual climatic rotation experiment, fluazinam added to soil was exposed to the year-round temperature and water content conditions occurring in the boreal zone. A third experiment was undertaken to clarify the effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on the recovery of fluazinam. In the follow-up and annual climatic rotation experiments, more than half of the added fluazinam was recovered after 1?year of incubation. The estimated half-life of fluazinam ranged between 355 and 833?days. The degradation of fluazinam was enhanced by an abundance of SOM, a warm temperature, and wetness. Additionally, in over half of soil samples collected from fields where potato had been intensively cultivated for many years, varying concentrations of fluazinam were detected. Fluazinam can carry over to the next growing season in professional potato production.     

土壤微生物群落对玉米根茬和茎叶残体碳的利用特征

以沈阳农业大学连续29a棕壤长期定位施肥试验为基础,以¹³C标记的玉米植株为试验试材,采用田间原位培养方法和磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素示踪联用（PLFA-SIP）技术,研究土壤不同粒级团聚体中微生物群落对残体碳的同化状况,及土壤有机碳的固定这一关键生物地球化学过程.结果表明：植物残体添加显著增加了全土及各粒级团聚体中各微生物群落PLFAs含量,其中以真菌PLFAs含量增幅最高,细菌中以革兰氏阴性菌含量增幅最高;但不同残体类型并未对全土中各群落PLFAs含量产生显著影响.茎叶碳与根茬碳的矿化率无显著差异;根茬碳对总PLFAs碳库的贡献是茎叶碳的3.9倍,说明根茬碳更有利于通过微生物合成的方式贡献于土壤有机碳库.残体碳占不同微生物群落PLFAs碳库的比例以真菌最高,表明真菌对植物残体碳具有最强的同化能力;而残体碳对PLFAs的贡献在革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌之间却差异不大.残体碳含量、PLFAs含量和残体碳占微生物PLFAs碳库的比例均在较小粒级的团聚体中（0.25~1mm和<0.25mm）更高,而细菌/真菌比在较大粒级团聚体（>2mm和1~2mm）中更高,说明较小粒级团聚体已经成为微生物对残体进行同化固定的主要位点.植物残体在土壤中的腐解过程与残体类型、土壤团聚体组成和微生物群落密切相关.     

城市污水处理厂污泥及剩余麻黄废渣堆肥化研究

对城市污水污泥与麻黄废渣进行堆肥无害化处理，考察了温度、水分、pH及各有机成分的变化趋势，探讨了堆肥腐熟度的指标。     

利用废渣生产新标准水泥的探讨

通过试验，确定了以煅烧煤矸石、铜渣为硅、铁质原料配料煅烧早强熟料，原料中煅烧煤矸石用量10％—14％，铜渣用量2．8％—3．5％；确定了以锂渣、液汰渣、煅烧煤矸石、锅炉底渣等工业废渣做混和材，成功生产新标准水泥，废渣掺量30％，整个工艺三废综合利用率达37．5％。