Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation

The effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations “Lazurite,” “Ridomil Gold,” and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as “Lazurite” preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and “Ridomil Gold” preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.     

新型材料淀粉微球对Cu~(2+)、Cr~(3+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附机理研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,在反相悬浮体系中合成N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联淀粉微球为载体,研究了新型吸附材料淀粉微球(cross-linked starch microsphere,CSMs)对Mn+(Cu2+、Cr3+、Pb2+)的静态吸附行为。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对微球及其吸附产物进行表征,分析讨论了3种金属原子结构,研究了吸附机理。结果表明:308K时,Cu2+、Pb2+和Cr3+的饱和吸附量分别是2.43、0.30和0.27 mmol/g,CSMs对Cu2+离子吸附能力最强,并且其通过物理吸附、配位吸附方式吸附Mn+,并得出引起微球吸附能力大小可能与金属离子电荷、离子半径和外层电子排布的差异因素有关。     

硅微粉的提纯实验研究

采用选择性絮凝法对硅微粉进行提纯处理,分别探索了分散剂、絮凝剂种类及用量、pH值和沉降时间等因素对提纯效果的影响,实验结果表明,当聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、油酸钠的投加量分别80 g/t和1 824 g/t硅微粉,体系pH5.3,沉降时间50 min时,硅微粉中二氧化硅的含量从74%提高到了90.9%,提纯效果显著。     

The persistence of insecticidal chemicals in soils treated with granular formulations of disulfoton and their uptake by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown from cut seed in Plainfield sand treated in‐furrow with disulfoton (Di‐Syston 15G, 3.36 kg Al/ha) in 1983 and from whole seed in similarly treated loam in 1991. Soils were contained in 2 m² field plots. Soil, seed potato and foliage were analyzed for the insecticide and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites during the 8–12 wk following planting. Disulfoton disappeared at different rates from the two soils (k_sand=0.024 day^‐1, k_loam=0.056 day^‐1) with partial conversion to the sulfoxide and sulfone in both. Larger quantities of the three insecticidal components were absorbed by the seed potato in the cut‐seed/sand combination. The relative amounts of these components in the seed potato also differed between treatments with disulfoton being the largest component of the cut‐seed/sand and smallest in the whole‐seed/loam. Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the major insecticidal components of the foliage and concentrations in the initial foliage (each ca. 10 ppm) were similar for both treatments. Sulfoxide concentrations in the foliage decreased more rapidly than the sulfone and the decrease in concentration of each of the components was similar for the two treatments.     

沸石负载淀粉对Pb2＋、Cu2＋和Ni2＋的吸附性能

将淀粉负载到沸石表面得到新型重金属离子复合吸附剂ZLS。分别从沸石与淀粉质量比、吸附温度、吸附时间、pH与重金属初始浓度不同方面考察了复合吸附剂ZLS吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Ni^2＋的影响。实验结果表明：当沸石与淀粉质量比为10：1,pH为6,吸附温度在30℃时,复合型吸附剂ZLS对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋3种重金属离子的吸附效果最好;吸附动力学研究发现,ZLS对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的吸附行为均符合准二级动力学以及颗粒内部扩散模型;等温吸附数据符合Fre-undlich模型,吸附状态属于多层吸附。     

Dissipation,half-lives,and mass spectrometric identification of endosulfan isomers and the sulfate metabolite on three field-grown vegetables

Endosulfan 3 EC, a mixture of α- and β-stereo isomers, was sprayed on field-grown pepper, melon, and sweet potato plants at the recommended rate of 0.44 kg A.I. acre^?1. Plant tissue samples (leaves, fruits, or edible roots) were collected 1 h to 30 days following spraying and analyzed for endosulfan isomers (α- and β-isomers). Analysis of samples was accomplished using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass detector in total ion mode. The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite of endosulfan sulfite and the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomers as compared to the α-isomer. The initial total residues (α- and β-isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper and melon fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster (T_1/2 = 1.22 and 0.95 d, respectively) than the less toxic β-isomer (T_1/2 = 3.0 and 2.5 d, respectively). These results confirm the greater loss of the α-isomer compared to the β-isomer, which can ultimately impact endosulfan dissipation in the environment. Additionally, the higher initial residues of endosulfan on pepper and sweet potato leaves should be considered of great importance for timing field operations and the safe entry of harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan.     

The effect of adaptation of Lactobacillus amylovorus to increasing concentrations of sweet potato starch on the production of lactic acid for its potential use in the treatment of cannery waste

Abstract

Lactobacillus amylovorus, an amylolytic species, was cultured in increasing concentrations of sweet potato starch to test the effect of this progressive acclimation on lactic acid production. This research is part of a project on the use of the waste stream from a sweet potato cannery to produce lactic acid. The media used for this acclimation was a modified version of the de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium, in which glucose was partially or totally substituted with sweet potato starch. The process was done in five steps, starting with 100% glucose in the first step and ending with 100% sweet potato starch in the last one. At each step, the effectiveness of the acclimation was tested by running fermentations with and without pH control for 62?h. The effect of the overall adaptation process was tested by comparing the growth and activity of the acclimated vs non-acclimated bacteria using sweet potato starch as the only source of carbohydrates. Growth and activity assessments indicated that L. amylovorus was able to ferment sweet potato starch into lactic acid. In most cases, pH control resulted in better substrate utilisation and larger amounts of lactic acid. In the comparison study, however, the adaptation process had a major influence on lactic acid production than the effect of pH. For 20?g L^–1 sweet potato starch media, adapted L. amylovorus under no pH control yielded 11.20?g L^–1 versus the non-adapted bacteria, which yielded 7.10?g L^–1. Under controlled pH conditions, 14.80 and 4.20?g L^–1 lactic acid were produced by adapted and non-adapted bacteria respectively.     

河南省甘薯产业化发展对策研究

甘薯高产稳产、抗逆性强、营养丰富又有保健功能,是入世后中国农产品参与国际竞争的强势作物。通过对河南省甘薯的生产现状与优势进行分析,针对生产中存在的主要问题,提出了河南省甘薯产业化发展的对策和建议。     

Thermal Solid State Reactions of Potato Starch with α-Hydroxy Acids

The numerous applications of dextrins resulting from the heating of potato starch with α-amino acids prompted me to check the thermal reactions of starch with hydroxy acids and their lactones, such as citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and coumarine. The course of reactions was observed by means of Simultaneous TG/DSC Thermal Analyser. The thermal reactions were carried out on convectional and microwave heating. The course of reactions under such conditions was compared and properties of resulting dextrins were recognized. The structure and properties of products were obtained from FTIR spectra, water solubility tests, and pH measurements. It was found, that hydroxy acids and/or products of their thermal transformations reacted with starch and/or resulting dextrins producing esters or crosslinking esterification of dextrins took place. The properties of new dextrins were presented in order to check, in further studies, their application for selective flotation of complex metal ores and their suitability as prebiotics.     

双室微生物燃料电池利用乙酸钠和淀粉产电研究

研究了厌氧活性污泥接种的双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs) 分别供给以乙酸钠和淀粉为底物的人工配水的产电情况和有机物去除效果. 结果表明,MFCs中能量的输出与底物的种类有关,使用乙酸钠和淀粉达到的最大输出电压分别为0.43和0.39 V,最大功率密度分别为36.03和 6.32 mW/m2,简单底物的输出电压和功率密度高于复杂底物. MFCs在产电同时还可有效去除水中的有机物,288 h时以乙酸钠和淀粉为底物的MFCs中TOC的去除率分别为91.15%和83.20%,NH₃-N的去除率分别为90.31%和86.20%. 扫描电镜发现,2种底物下MFCs阳极表面的微生物形态差异显著,以乙酸钠为底物的MFCs阳极表面生物相主要为杆菌和弧菌;以淀粉为底物的阳极表面主要是球菌,表明不同底物条件下MFCs中所形成的微生物优势种群也不同.