利用马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物制备高吸水性树脂的研究

利用凹凸棒和膨润土混合黏土处理马铃薯淀粉废水,COD去除率可达52.8%,然后以马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法合成高吸水性树脂,研究了中和度、沉淀物量、交联剂量、引发剂量等因素对吸水性树脂吸水倍率的影响。实验结果表明:当中和度50%、处理沉淀物8 g、交联剂0.015 g、引发剂0.15 g时,吸蒸馏水倍率可达793 g/g,吸自来水倍率可达227 g/g。     

Microbial community structure and dynamics of starch-fed and glucose-fed chemostats during two years of continuous operation

The microbial community structures of two mesophilic anaerobic chemostats, one fed with glucose, the other with starch as sole carbon sources, were studied at various dilution rates (0.05–0.25 d^–1 for glucose and 0.025–0.1 d^–1 for starch) during two years continuous operation. In the glucose-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta spp. and hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus spp. predominated at low dilution rates, whereas Methanosaeta spp. and the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium spp. predominated together when dilution rates were greater than 0.1 d^–1. Bacteria affiliated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria predominated at dilution rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 d^–1, respectively, while Firmicutes predominated at higher dilution rates (0.2 and 0.25 d^–1). In the starch-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted at all dilution rates. Although bacteria belonging to only two phyla were mainly responsible for starch degradation (Spirochaetes at the dilution rate of 0.08 d^–1 and Firmicutes at other dilution rates), different bacterial genera were identified at different dilution rates. With the exception of Archaea in the glucose-fed chemostat, the band patterns revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the microbial communities in the two chemostats displayed marked changes during long-term operation at a constant dilution rate. The bacterial community changed with changes in the dilution rate, and was erratic during longterm operation in both glucose-fed and starch-fed chemostats.     

腐植酸对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制及抑制作用的消除

以纳米级零价铁(nZVI)为主要工具修复受污染水体中的Cr(VI),考察了腐植酸(HA)对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制作用,并初步探讨了淀粉稳定化nZVI对HA抑制作用的消除.结果表明,随着HA初始浓度由0增加大5,10,15,20,30mg/L,反应10min nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率分别达到91.9%,82.6%,78.6%,70.4%,70.0 %和69.4 %.可见,HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的影响是双方面的,一方面,HA会吸附在nZVI的表面,占据nZVI表面的活性反应部位,导致反应速率的下降;另一方面,HA表面带有大量的活性基团, 有较大的负电性,会起到一定传递电子的作用,进一步促进反应的进行.由于nZVI的比表面积较大,HA的吸附作用占据主导地位, 导致HA的加入对nZVI去除Cr(VI)反应产生明显的抑制作用. 适量淀粉(0.5g/L)的加入确实能够起到阻碍nZVI颗粒团聚和HA在nZVI颗粒表面吸附的作用,从而维持nZVI较高的反应活性,消除HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的抑制作用.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产燃料乙醇中的降粘工艺

鲜甘薯高浓度发酵生产燃料乙醇的瓶颈之一是醪液粘度高,容易堵塞管路,严重影响工业化生产和增加能源消耗,同时也会降低乙醇发酵效率.为解决此问题,进行了添加降粘酶系及其作用条件优化研究,结果如下:1)确定最适降粘酶系为四川禾本生物工程有限公司的纤维素酶,粘度由1.7×104mPa.s降到8.8×102mPa.s,并且降低了生产成本;2)确定降粘酶作用前高温处理条件:110℃,20 min;3)最适降粘酶对不同品种鲜甘薯高浓度发酵的降粘效果表明降粘酶对大部分品种鲜甘薯降粘效果较好,粘度均约为1.0×103mPa.s以下,最低粘度只有2.7×102mPa.s,粘度下降率均在95%以上;4)在确定最适降粘酶系和其作用前高温条件后,将其应用于工业化生产,加入降粘酶2 h后发酵醪液的粘度由1.8×105mPa.s下降到2.7×103mPa.s,发酵后终粘度仅为7.9×102mPa.s,发酵时间仅为23 h,乙醇浓度达到10.56%(V/V),进一步验证了该降粘酶系应用于工业化鲜甘薯燃料乙醇生产的实际意义.表8参19     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

厌氧折流内循环反应器(ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水试验

对自主研发的厌氧折流内循环反应器(anaerobic baffled internal circulation,ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水的运行特性进行研究,结果表明:ABIC在水力停留时间为20~24 h、进水ρ(COD)为3 000~15 000 mg/L、有机负荷为3.0~20.0kg/(m3·d)时COD去除率均高于80.0%,最高可达91.2%。ABIC对进水负荷的冲击具有良好耐受能力,最大可承受的容积负荷VLR为26.0 kg/(m3·d),运行稳定。反应器重新启动耗时较短,对处理木薯淀粉季节性生产废水有利。     

接枝羧基淀粉对贵金属离子吸附性能研究

研究了接枝羧基淀粉（ＩＳＣ）对贵金属离子Ａｇ（Ⅰ）,Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）的静态吸附性能和选择性及介质的ＰＨ对其吸附性能的影响,利用接枝羧基淀粉与Ａｇ（Ⅰ）形成螯合物的红外光谱和Ｘ－射线光电子能谱数据（ＸＰＳ）探讨了其吸附作用机理。     

Functional Properties of Extruded Acetylated Starch-Cellulose Foams

Acetylated starches, with degrees of substitution (DS) of 2, 2.5 and 3, were blended with 3%, 7.5% and 12% -cellulose and 14%, 17% or 20% (d.b.) ethanol and twin-screw extruded at 165°C barrel temperature and 225 rpm screw speed. A response surface methodology experimental design was applied to the sub-plot and a completely randomized design to the whole plot design to test the differences among the acetylated starches and the effects of cellulose and ethanol. DS, cellulose and ethanol contents significantly affected the functional properties and specific mechanical energy requirement. DS had positive effects on radial expansion ratio (RER), compressibility and specific mechanical energy requirement and a negative effect on bulk density. Highest (RER) was obtained from 20% ethanol content. Extrudates containing 12% cellulose had the highest bulk density and the highest compressibility. Higher cellulose contents required more specific mechanical energy.     

延安新造贫瘠耕地适生农作物及其高产品种筛选

2013?—?2017年延安市实施了治沟造地工程,总投资约50亿,新造耕地3.33万hm2,但是研究发现新造耕地土壤贫瘠,改良需要较长时间.因此筛选新造耕地适生农作物及其高产品种,指导农业生产实践显得尤为重要和迫切.为此,本研究开展延安新造耕地适生农作物筛选实验,发现马铃薯为新造耕地适生农业作物,进而从甘肃等地选择有代...     

新型材料淀粉微球对Cu~(2+)、Cr~(3+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附机理研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,在反相悬浮体系中合成N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联淀粉微球为载体,研究了新型吸附材料淀粉微球(cross-linked starch microsphere,CSMs)对Mn+(Cu2+、Cr3+、Pb2+)的静态吸附行为。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对微球及其吸附产物进行表征,分析讨论了3种金属原子结构,研究了吸附机理。结果表明:308K时,Cu2+、Pb2+和Cr3+的饱和吸附量分别是2.43、0.30和0.27 mmol/g,CSMs对Cu2+离子吸附能力最强,并且其通过物理吸附、配位吸附方式吸附Mn+,并得出引起微球吸附能力大小可能与金属离子电荷、离子半径和外层电子排布的差异因素有关。