非金属矿物粉尘表面电性及其生物学危害作用探讨

在前人对矿物粉尘在不同介质中其表面活性基团的特征（表面电性、生物活性）以及由此引起的生物学危害作用机理研究的基础上,对一些非金属矿物粉尘的表面电性特征及其变化进行了系统研究,结合生物化学及分子细胞生物学理论,对矿物粉尘表面电性特征引起的生物学危害作用（致病）机理进行了探讨．结果表明,在矿物粉尘致病总毒性原因构成上,除其纤维形态特征和持久性外,其表面电性特征是不可忽视的重要因素．     

Bridging the gap between ecophysiological and genetic knowledge to assess the adaptive potential of European beech

In this study we aimed to combine knowledge of the ecophysiology and genetics of European beech to assess the potential of this species to adapt to environmental change. Therefore, we performed field and experimental studies on the genetic and ecophysiological functioning of beech. This information was integrated through a coupled genetic–ecophysiological model for individual trees that was parameterized with information derived from our own studies or from the literature. Using the model, we evaluated the adaptive response of beech stands in two ways: firstly, through sensitivity analyses (of initial genetic diversity, pollen dispersal distance, heritability of selected phenotypic traits, and forest management, representing disturbances) and secondly, through the evaluation of the responses of phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity to four management regimes applied to 10 study plots distributed over Western Europe. The model results indicate that the interval between recruitment events strongly affects the rate of adaptive response, because selection is most severe during the early stages of forest development. Forest management regimes largely determine recruitment intervals and thereby the potential for adaptive responses. Forest management regimes also determine the number of mother trees that contribute to the next generation and thereby the genetic variation that is maintained. Consequently, undisturbed forests maintain the largest amount of genetic variation, as recruitment intervals approach the longevity of trees and many mother trees contribute to the next generation. However, undisturbed forests have the slowest adaptive response, for the same reasons.Gene flow through pollen dispersal may compensate for the loss in genetic diversity brought about by selection. The sensitivity analysis showed that the total genetic diversity of a 2 ha stand is not affected by gene flow if the pollen distance distribution is varied from highly left-skewed to almost flat. However, a stand with a prevailing short-distance gene flow has a more pronounced spatial genetic structure than stands with equal short- and long-distance gene flows. The build-up of a spatial genetic structure is also strongly determined by the recruitment interval. Overall, the modelling results indicate that European beech has high adaptive potential to environmental change if recruitment intervals are short and many mother trees contribute to the next generation.The findings have two implications for modelling studies on the impacts of climate change on forests. Firstly: it cannot be taken for granted that parameter values remain constant over a time horizon of even a few generations – this is particularly important for threshold values subject to strong selection, like budburst, frost hardiness, drought tolerance, as used in species area models. Secondly: forest management should be taken into account in future assessments, as management affects the rate of adaptive response and thereby the response on trees and forests to environmental change, and because few forests are unmanaged. We conclude that a coupled ecophysiological and quantitative genetic tree model is a useful tool for such studies.     

辽宁云水资源分布特征及开发潜力分析

我国淡水资源短缺,人口增长、经济发展与水资源短缺的矛盾日益加剧,已严重影响着我国部分地区经济和社会持续健康发展。人工增雨、开发空中云水资源是缓解水资源短缺的一个重要途径。文章利用辽宁省气象台站网的常规探空、云和降水的观测资料,计算、分析了辽宁云水资源的分布状况及开发潜力,结果显示全省云水资源总量年均为4.83×10¹¹m³,具有较多的作业机会和较大的人工增雨潜力,开发云水资源大有可为。     

氯代芳香族化合物结构-电化学还原电位定量关系的贝叶斯规整化BP神经网络模型

将贝叶斯规整化误差反向传播神经网络(BRBPNN)应用于环境领域的 QSPR模型.采用ChemOffice2004内置的MOPAC 2000计算了6种量子化学参数(分子最高占据能EHOMO、分子最低占据能ELUMO、分子生成热HF、分子偶极矩DIP、分子的电子能量EE和分子的核核排斥能CCR)以及氯原子数(Cl)和分子量(MW),建立了87种氯代芳香族化合物结构与电化学还原电位定量关系的BRBPNN模型.最优网络模型结构为6-20-1,其电化学还原电位的拟合及预测能力明显优于逐步线性回归模型,其训练集和预测集的相关系数平方和均方根误差(MSE)分别达到0.999和0.000105,0.965和 0.00159.最优模型输入节点到隐含层权重平方和的分布规律揭示出各种描述符对还原电位的影响大小依次为: E_LUMO>E_HOMO>HF>CCR>EE>DIP.由散点图揭示出影响为正有EE;影响为负有E_LUMO,HF,DIP;影响无明显正负性的有E_LUMO,CCR.结果表明,贝叶斯规整化大大方便了网络规整化参数选择,保证了网络的优良概括能力和稳健性.本研究对氯代芳香族化合物采用电化学处理的适用性以及分析相应电化学降解机理提供了依据.     

Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1

Abstract:  It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.     

Watershed Evapotranspiration Increased due to Changes in Vegetation Composition and Structure Under a Subtropical Climate1

Abstract: Natural forests in southern China have been severely logged due to high human demand for timber, food, and fuels during the past century, but are recovering in the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate how vegetation cover changes in composition and structure affected the water budgets of a 9.6‐km² Dakeng watershed located in a humid subtropical mountainous region in southern China. We analyzed 27 years (i.e., 1967‐1993) of streamflow and climate data and associated vegetation cover change in the watershed. Land use/land cover census and Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from remote sensing were used to construct historic land cover change patterns. We found that over the period of record, annual streamflow (Q) and runoff/precipitation ratio did not change significantly, nor did the climatic variables, including air temperature, Hamon’s potential evapotranspiration (ET), pan evaporation, sunshine hours, and radiation. However, annual ET estimated as the differences between P and Q showed a statistically significant increasing trend. Overall, the NDVI of the watershed had a significant increasing trend in the peak spring growing season. This study concluded that watershed ecosystem ET increased as the vegetation cover shifted from low stock forests to shrub and grasslands that had higher ET rates. A conceptual model was developed for the study watershed to describe the vegetation cover‐streamflow relationships during a 50‐year time frame. This paper highlighted the importance of eco‐physiologically based studies in understanding transitory, nonstationary effects of deforestation or forestation on watershed water balances.     

Influence of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in a contaminated tidal freshwater marsh soil colonized with common reed (Phragmites australis)

A historical input of trace metals into tidal marshes fringing the river Scheldt may be a cause for concern. Nevertheless, the specific physicochemical form, rather than the total concentration, determines the ecotoxicological risk of metals in the soil. In this study the effect of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in different compartments of the soil was investigated. As, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in sediment, pore water and in roots were determined along a depth profile. Total sediment metal concentrations were similar at different sites, reflecting pollution history. Pore water metal concentrations were generally higher under less flooded conditions (mean is (2.32 ± 0.08) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹ and (1.53 ± 0.03) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹). Metal concentrations associated with roots (mean is 202.47 ± 2.83 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 69.39 ± 0.99 mg Cd kg⁻¹) were up to 10 times higher than sediment (mean is 20.48 ± 0.19 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 20.42 ± 0.21 mg Cd kg⁻¹) metal concentrations and higher under dryer conditions. Despite high metal concentrations associated with roots, the major part of the metals in the marsh soil is still associated with the sediment as the overall biomass of roots is small compared to the sediment.     

Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration

The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials.     

Types of Ectomycorrhiza as Pollution Stress Indicators: Case Studies in Slovenia

Mycorrhiza is the main spatial and temporal linkage between different constituents in a forest ecosystem. The functional compatibility and stress tolerance of ectomycorrhizal types is species specific, and therefore the information on the ectomycorrhizal community structure can add to the understanding of processes in forest ecosystems and can also be applied as tools for bioindication of pollution stress in forest soils. We have studied the effects of pollution (N and S) on trees and forest soils by: (1) quantification of ECM types diversity as in situ indicators in forest stands, (2) determination and quantification of pollution-sensitive or -insensitive ECM types as passive monitors, (3) root growth and development of ECM on nonmycorrhizal spruce seedlings, planted at the studied sites (active monitors), and (4) ECM infection (a bioassay based on mycorrhizal inoculum potential) of seedlings in an experimental set-up as ex situ testers. ECM species richness for Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) showed higher values in unpolluted sites than in polluted ones, while the differences were not significant for European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). As pollution-sensitive or -insensitive ECM species in spruce forests, we suggest Hydnum rufescens (sensitive) and Paxillus involutus (unsensitive). Mycorrhizal potential in Norway spruce seedlings as a bioassay for soil N and S pollution was effective, and is suggested as an additional, standardized and widely comparable system in bioindication of soil pollution.     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅵ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中能量的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中的能量变化及其分布规律、结果表明,土壤基质势的年度变化特征说明南亚热带丘陵赤红壤存在明显的湿季和旱季．果树叶水势随土壤基质势、大气水势、气温及大气相对湿度的变化而变化,荔枝、龙眼叶水势的变化比芒果叶水势的变化大.以荔枝、芒果和龙眼作为供试植物,水分从土壤到达植物根表皮、进入根系并通过植物茎到达叶片,其能量降低分别约为0．9063～1.7428、0．2818～0．6979和0．2904～1．8707MPa;水分从叶部汽化扩散到大气中,其能量降低分别达15．1491～57．3669、15．4491～58．4036和14．5824～56．9536MPa,说明水流在南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中运移时,其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上。