基于生态和社会经济约束的区域土地整治潜力评价研究

准确评价区域耕地整治、农村居民点整治、废弃地复垦和未利用地开发4种类型的土地整治潜力是实现区域统筹规划和保障粮食安全的重要前提。通过选取能反映区域四种土地整治类型内在和外在潜力的指标因素,引入生态安全和社会经济双重制约条件,结合层次分析法和约束条件评价模型对研究区域生态安全和经济社会约束下的土地整治综合潜力开展定量评价,并采用K-Means聚类方法进行潜力分区。研究结果表明:高生态安全和经济发展水平条件能提高区域土地整治潜力水平,反之则制约土地整治潜力水平,同时根据约束条件的土地整治潜力评价结果将研究区域划分为土地整治高潜力区、较高潜力区、一般潜力区和低潜力区,与无约束条件下的土地整治潜力评价结果相比,该分区结果更加符合当地实际情况。该研究一方面可为生态文明建设背景下的土地整治潜力评价提供新方法,另一方面可为新一轮土地整治统筹规划提供有效的依据和参考。     

Waste Management in Guangdong Cities: The Waste Management Literacy and Waste Reduction Preferences of Domestic Waste Generators

A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2002 on 1365 households in two prefectural-level cities in the Pearl River Delta, Jiangmen and Zhongshan. Three groups of issues are covered in this paper: 1) waste management literacy, concerns, and public participation; 2) waste recycling practices and the potential for waste avoidance; and 3) public environmental literacy. This study confirms findings from previous surveys and provides new information on important issues such as imposing monetary charges on waste and environmental activities, littering, source separation programs (SSPs), and public participation and expectations in local waste management. Saving up recyclable materials for redemption in waste depots is commonly practiced in mainland China regardless of the level of development of a city, although at the household level, high-income families tend to place less value on the revenues to be gained from redemption than lower income groups do. Data from the previous and the present studies indicate that such voluntary but largely economically driven waste recovery behavior diverts at least 10% of the household waste from the waste stream. Although uncompensated SSP is less appealing in the two cities than compensated SSP, it was found that when the median per capita income of a city reaches RMB2000 per month, a high participation rate for uncompensated waste recovery is more likely to occur. Education and income levels are the chief factors affecting littering behavior and the potential for waste avoidance. Contrary to general belief, the local Chinese community is active in microwaste management. The concern, however, is over the inability of the grassroots bureaucracy to deal with rising expectations for waste collection services and neighborhood cleanliness.     

武汉市2014-2017年大气污染物分布特征及其潜在来源分析

利用武汉市2014—2017年大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀）和气象要素的观测数据,分析了大气污染物的变化特征及其影响因素.使用HYSPLIT模式计算了影响武汉市的主要气团类型,并利用潜在源区贡献（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析方法,揭示了研究期内武汉市不同大气污染物的潜在源区分布及其贡献特性.结果表明,武汉市2014—2017年空气质量逐年好转,SO₂、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度呈逐年下降的趋势,但NO₂和CO的浓度先下降后上升.2017年SO₂、O₃、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和CO的浓度分别为9.6、50.8、52.7、89.2、47.5 μg·m^-3和1.1 mg·m^-3,分别比2014年降低了64.3%、23.0%、24.7%、18.8%、3.5%和5.9%.大气污染物存在显著的季节变化和月变化.大气污染物在四个季节中日变化类似,SO₂和O₃均为单峰型分布,NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀均为双峰型分布.武汉市空气污染以PM_2.5为主,随着污染程度的加剧PM_2.5/PM₁₀的值逐渐增大,在空气质量为严重污染时,PM_2.5/PM₁₀高达90%,比空气质量为优时高了31.34%.局地气团（45%）和来自山西、陕西和河南一带的西北气团（12.1%）下大气污染物浓度较高.大气污染物的潜在源区贡献（WPSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（WCWT）的较大值主要集中在武汉市本地及其周边地区,局地污染对武汉市大气污染物的贡献较大,但不同大气污染物受到排放源分布和停留时间等影响其WPSCF和WCWT的分布范围不同.     

土壤原位覆盖对底泥的修复作用研究

在高度厌氧底泥和富营养化水体构成的模拟生态系统中,采用土壤和硅藻土进行原位覆盖,研究了覆盖技术对水．沉积物界面微环境的改善作用和不同覆盖材料对苦草生长的影响。这2种底质覆盖后,表层底泥氧化还原电位（Eh）分别提高了48．37％和46．77％,底层水体的溶解氧消耗降低,水体中的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量降低;与对照箱体的苦草死亡相比,经过土壤和硅藻土覆盖的箱体中苦草正常萌发、定植和生长;硅藻土箱体苦草的生物量、叶绿素和根茎比均高于土壤覆盖箱体。因此,原位覆盖能有效改善底层水体和表层底泥的氧化还原环境,隔绝污染底泥和延缓营养盐释放,为沉水植物种子萌发和幼苗生长提供有利的生境条件。     

典型农药制造企业废气污染物排放特征及风险评估

选取2家典型农药制造企业为研究对象,探究农药制造行业废气排放特征、环境影响和人体健康风险.结果表明,不同企业由于产品、生产环节的不同产生的污染物存在一定差异,A企业污染物以氨、含氧有机物和卤代烃为主,B企业污染物以卤代烃为主.臭氧生成潜势(OFP)范围在1.96～107.24 mg·m^-3之间,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)范围为0.94～74.72 mg·m^-3,对OFP和SOAFP贡献较大为含氧有机物、芳香烃和卤代烃.农药企业恶臭物质较为复杂,主要恶臭物质涵盖了硫化物、含氧有机物、含氮化合物和芳香烃.农药企业所有排气筒废气的LCR均高于10^-6,存在一定的致癌风险,A企业LCR范围为4.10×10^-6～5.34×10^-3之间,B企业LCR范围在1.23×10^-3～4.35×10^-1之间,卤代烃,特别是1,2-二氯乙烷是农药企业主要的致癌风险物质,需要企业加以重视.     

长三角地区全氟温室气体本底特征及来源

采用位于长三角地区的临安区域大气本底站罐采样获得的全氟温室气体（PFCs、SF₆、NF₃、SO₂F₂）浓度,分析2011~2020年该地区大气中全氟温室气体的浓度分布特征和变化趋势.结果显示,临安站绝大部分全氟温室气体的浓度均呈现逐年升高的变化趋势,至2020年长三角地区全氟温室气体本底浓度分别达到（86.30±0.52）×10^-12（CF₄）、（5.03±0.00）×10^-12（C₂F₆）、（0.70±0.01）×10^-12（C₃F₈）、（1.82±0.00）×10^-12（c-C₄F₈）、（10.44±0.01）×10^-12（SF₆）、（2.36±0.04）×10^-12（NF₃）、（2.61±0.05）×10^-12（SO₂F₂）.长三角地区大部分全氟温室气体的本底浓度与全球本底值接近.通过对临安站全氟温室气体污染浓度的潜在源贡献作用（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析显示,临安站全氟化碳PFCs （CF₄、C₄F₁₀、C₂F₆、C₃F₈、c-C₄F₈）的潜在源区主要包括山东、江苏、安徽、上海、浙江中北部和江西东北部地区,NF₃、SF₆、SO₂F₂的潜在源区则集中在江苏中南部、上海、浙北地区.     

西安市新装修室内空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应

室内空气质量与人体健康息息相关,为了解新装修室内大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应,实验对西安市三个不同装修材料及不同装修风格房间的大气环境开展研究。使用2,4-二硝基苯肼硅胶提取小柱（DNPH）进行采样,并采用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）对18种醛酮类物质进行检测,研究其污染水平及特征,并根据物质的光化学反应活性,计算其臭氧生成潜势（ozone formation potential,OPF）,评估其对不同年龄段人群的非致癌和致癌健康效应。研究表明：（1）18种醛酮类物质在三个新装修房间空气样品中的总含量为79.9—194.4 μg·m⁻³,高于普通室内环境中的含量。且在供暖期含量显著增加,升高了23.9%—53.3%。其中丙酮、甲醛、乙醛、正壬醛是主要的污染物,其中丁酮在Room 2中显著高于其他两个房间。（2）甲醛和乙醛的光化学活性显著高于其他物质,因而对OPF贡献较大。丙酮虽然含量显著高于其他物质,但是由于光化学活性较低,对OPF贡献不显著。（3）乙醛超过了室内安全排放标准,且在Room 2和Room 3中的非致癌风险危险熵（hazard quotient,HQ）不容忽视。终身致癌风险评估（incremental lifetime cancer risks,ILCR）显示不同人群暴露甲醛的I_LCR均大于1×10⁻⁶,存在潜在健康风险。人群暴露乙醛的I_LCR值仅青少年和老年人在Room 1中低于1×10⁻⁶。由此可见新建住房室内空气中醛酮类物质的污染所产生的健康效应不能忽视。     

人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及变化

在实验室通过模拟土壤柱研究了人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及其三卤甲烷生成势和三卤甲烷生成活性的变化.利用XAD树脂将回灌水中的溶解性有机物分为3个部分：疏水性有机酸、过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.疏水性有机酸的三卤甲烷生成活性高于过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.土壤含水层处理（SAT）对亲水性有机物的去除率为68.51%,对疏水性有机酸和过渡亲水性有机酸的去除率分别为58.64%和41.86%.经SAT系统处理后,溶解性有机物及各有机组分的三卤甲烷生成势减少,而三卤甲烷生成活性升高.疏水性有机酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要有机组分.亲水性有机物在SAT系统进水中的三卤甲烷生成活性较低,但由于含量高,三卤甲烷生成势也较大.而过渡亲水性有机酸由于含量和三卤甲烷生成活性较低,三卤甲烷生成势也较低.     

Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate

Current rates of climate change require organisms to respond through migration, phenotypic plasticity, or genetic changes via adaptation. We focused on questions regarding species’ and populations’ ability to respond to climate change through adaptation. Specifically, the role adaptive introgression, movement of genetic material from the genome of 1 species into the genome of another through repeated interbreeding, may play in increasing species’ ability to respond to a changing climate. Such interspecific gene flow may mediate extinction risk or consequences of limited adaptive potential that result from standing genetic variation and mutation alone, enabling a quicker demographic recovery in response to changing environments. Despite the near dismissal of the potential benefits of hybridization by conservation practitioners, we examined a number of case studies across different taxa that suggest gene flow between sympatric or parapatric sister species or within species that exhibit strong ecotypic differentiation may represent an underutilized management option to conserve evolutionary potential in a changing environment. This will be particularly true where advanced‐generation hybrids exhibit adaptive traits outside the parental phenotypic range, a phenomenon known as transgressive segregation. The ideas presented in this essay are meant to provoke discussion regarding how we maintain evolutionary potential, the conservation value of natural hybrid zones, and consideration of their important role in adaptation to climate.     

Determination of biodegradation potential by two culture-independent methods in PAH-contaminated soils

Biodegradation potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with soil samples collected from various depths of a PAH-contaminated site and of a site nearby where PAHs were not found. Putative dioxygenase genes were amplified by a primer set specific for initial dioxygenases and identified by web-based database homology search. They were further categorized into several groups of which four dioxygenases were selected as probes for DNA hybridization. The hybridization signals according to the presence of putative dioxygenases were positively related to the extent of PAH contamination. However, the signal intensities varied depending on the probes hybridized and moreover were not consistent with PAH biodegradation activities determined by CO2 evolution. Despite widely accepted advantages of molecular biodegradation assessment, our data clearly present the variations of assessment results depending on the genetic information used and suggest that the methodology may tend to underestimate the real biodegradation capacity of a site probably due to the limited dioxygenase database available at the moment. Therefore, the molecular assessment of biodegradation potential should involve a very careful primer and probe design and an extensive microbiological examination of a site of interest to accurately delineate the biodegradation potential of the site.