Annual Estimates of Recharge,Quick‐Flow Runoff,and Evapotranspiration for the Contiguous U.S. Using Empirical Regression Equations

This study presents new data‐driven, annual estimates of the division of precipitation into the recharge, quick‐flow runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET) water budget components for 2000‐2013 for the contiguous United States (CONUS). The algorithms used to produce these maps ensure water budget consistency over this broad spatial scale, with contributions from precipitation influx attributed to each component at 800 m resolution. The quick‐flow runoff estimates for the contribution to the rapidly varying portion of the hydrograph are produced using data from 1,434 gaged watersheds, and depend on precipitation, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and surficial geology type. Evapotranspiration estimates are produced from a regression using water balance data from 679 gaged watersheds and depend on land cover, temperature, and precipitation. The quick‐flow and ET estimates are combined to calculate recharge as the remainder of precipitation. The ET and recharge estimates are checked against independent field data, and the results show good agreement. Comparisons of recharge estimates with groundwater extraction data show that in 15% of the country, groundwater is being extracted at rates higher than the local recharge. These maps of the internally consistent water budget components of recharge, quick‐flow runoff, and ET, being derived from and tested against data, are expected to provide reliable first‐order estimates of these quantities across the CONUS, even where field measurements are sparse.     

Wind energy potential analysis for Thailand: Uncertainty from wind maps and sensitivity to turbine technology

Rapid development of wind energy has been witnessed in Thailand. However, different wind resource maps (over land) have brought great uncertainty to wind energy planning. Here, four important mesoscale wind maps were considered: DEDP (2001), World Bank (2001), Manomaiphiboon et al. (2010) of JGSEE, and DEDE (2010). The wind maps were first harmonized to a common grid at 100 m and then compared. The earlier wind maps (DEDP and World Bank) are shown to represent the lower and upper limits of predicted speed, respectively, while JGSEE and DEDE tend to be more moderate with predictions statistically closer to observations. A consolidated wind map was constructed based on their median and shown to have the best prediction performance. It was then used for the technical potential analysis, in which three large (2-MW) turbine models (two conventional and one designed for low wind speed) were considered. By GIS techniques, any land areas not feasible for large wind turbines were excluded, and the corresponding overall onshore technical potential ranges between 50 and 250 GW, depending on map and turbine model. Considering only economically feasible turbines (with capacity factors of 20%) and the median-based map, the final technical potential equals 17 GW when using the low-wind-speed model but is reduced to 5 GW with the conventional models, adequately meeting the national wind energy target of 3 GW by the year 2036. The results suggest a strong sensitivity of estimated technical potential to turbine technology and a suitability of low-wind-speed turbines for wind conditions in Thailand.     

酸化水体中的藻类研究

为研究酸沉降对水生生态系统的影响,1991年至1992年间,对地处我国重酸雨区域的重庆市郊6个水体中的藻类进行了比较研究,结果表明,绿藻门的种类最多,占种类总数的50％以上,其次是蓝藻或硅藻。藻类的细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素ａ,在酸化水体中（pH值<5.0）分别为23.3～49.9万个/L,0.59～1.05mg/L和0.65～3.01mg/m3;在轻度酸化水体（6.0＞pH值＞5.0）分别为433.9～680.0万个/L,6.6～21.75mg/L和14.66～25.19mg/m3。三项指标均随水体酸度的增加而减少。酸化水体中的藻类生长潜力（AGP）很弱,低pH值和可给态磷的不足是造成AGP低的主要限制因素。     

华北南部重污染城市周边区域二次气溶胶的化学特征及来源解析

为探究华北南部地区重污染城市邯郸市北部地区冬季大气颗粒物的化学组分及来源,于2020年11月23日至12月12日采集了 PM1 和PM2.5样品并进行了分析.观测期间日平均ρ(PM1)和ρ(PM2.5)分别为114.53 μg·m-3和124.25μg·m-3,PM1/PM2.5比值的变化范围为83.3％～95.3％,...     

混凝剂对胶体电动电位的影响研究

混凝剂是通过压缩双电层、吸附电中和、卷扫絮凝、吸附架桥4种方式起到对水中胶体的凝聚作用的,最终达到水处理的效果.通过测量水样中加入混凝剂前后胶体的电动电位(zeta电位),发现混凝剂的投加会使得溶液中胶体的电动电位发生变化,这种变化和混凝机理中混凝剂通过压缩双电层达到胶体凝聚效果的说法是一致的.     

涂铁石英砂吸附水中Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

采用静态吸附和动态过滤的试验方法研究了涂铁石英砂（IOCS）滤料对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除,并探讨其吸附机理。研究结果表明,Cr（Ⅵ）在IOCS上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附模型。经氧化铁改性滤料表面电位带正电荷,对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有良好的去除效果。pH值对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除影响较大,随着溶液的pH值升高,滤料表面电位减小,Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附率也减小。IOCS滤料去除Cr（Ⅵ）机理主要为静电吸附。     

浅析油气田回注污水余热的利用——以辽河油田公司沈阳采油厂为例

辽河油田公司沈阳采油厂的原油伴生水,平均温度47℃,若不加以利用地将温水直接回注到地层,将会造成热能浪费。如果通过余热利用,则节约能源。文章通过现状调查、经济、技术、政策可行性分析认为:沈阳采油厂污水余热的可挖潜力很大,回用污水余热在技术与政策方面均有较大的可行性且具有可观的经济效益。     

Modeling the Spatially Varying Water Balance Processes in a Semiarid Mountainous Watershed of Idaho1

Stratton, Benjamin T., Venakataramana Sridhar, Molly M. Gribb, James P. McNamara, and Balaji Narasimhan, 2009. Modeling the Spatially Varying Water Balance Processes in a Semiarid Mountainous Watershed of Idaho. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1390‐1408. Abstract: The distributed Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model was applied to a research watershed, the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed, near Boise Idaho to investigate its water balance components both temporally and spatially. Calibrating and validating SWAT is necessary to enable our understanding of the water balance components in this semiarid watershed. Daily streamflow data from four streamflow gages were used for calibration and validation of the model. Monthly estimates of streamflow during the calibration phase by SWAT produced satisfactory results with a Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of model efficiency 0.79. Since it is a continuous simulation model, as opposed to an event‐based model, it demonstrated the limited ability in capturing both streamflow and soil moisture for selected rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events during the validation period between 2005 and 2007. Especially, soil moisture was generally underestimated compared with observations from two monitoring pits. However, our implementation of SWAT showed that seasonal and annual water balance partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration, streamflow, soil moisture, and drainage was not only possible but closely followed the trends of a typical semiarid watershed in the intermountain west. This study highlights the necessity for better techniques to precisely identify and drive the model with commonly observed climatic inversion‐related snowmelt or ROS weather events. Estimation of key parameters pertaining to soil (e.g., available water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity), snow (e.g., lapse rates, melting), and vegetation (e.g., leaf area index and maximum canopy index) using additional field observations in the watershed is critical for better prediction.     

环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

事故隐患两阶段风险评价方法的研究

以事故隐患为研究对象,对当前各类事故隐患评价方法进行研讨,指出在事故隐患风险评价中存在的4个问题;提出把事故隐患风险评价分为事故隐患形成过程和事故隐患发展过程两个阶段进行;引入事故隐患可控性、事故隐患危害性等评价指标,建立新的评价指标体系,从而更为准确地评价事故隐患的风险性。将该评价方法在交通建设行业中应用,依据行业特征,将交通建设行业事故隐患分为5个风险等级。