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971.
贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水重金属污染物季节性特征及潜在健康风险评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以贵阳市西郊水厂2014年3月和7月所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物检测数据为基础,进行了季节性特征分析,并采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行了潜在健康风险评价。结果表明,贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属的浓度均符合国家饮用水卫生标准;重金属污染物的浓度随季节呈现出不同的特征,汞、锌、硒、钼和钡5种重金属的平均浓度呈现枯水期高于丰水期的特征,而铅、铜、锰和镍4种重金属正好相反,砷浓度的季节性特征不显著;成年人的年平均致癌风险显著大于儿童,但两者年平均非致癌风险接近;儿童和成年人2类人群经口暴露途径的健康风险值均大于皮肤暴露,其中致癌风险分别在2.49×10-6~9.16×10-6和3.26×10-8~9.59×10-8之间,非致癌风险在2.29×10-8~3.20×10-8和1.85×10-10~4.14×10-10之间,且致癌风险均大于非致癌风险。贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物致癌风险和非致癌风险均未超过最大可接受水平,未对该供水区居民的健康造成威胁。 相似文献
972.
Temporal Changes in Streamflow and Attribution of Changes to Climate and Landuse in Wisconsin Watersheds
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Rabi Gyawali Steve Greb Paul Block 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(4):1138-1152
Previous historic trends analyses on 21st Century hydrologic data in the United States generally focus on annual flow statistics and have continued to use USGS hydro‐climatic data network (HCDN) stations, although post‐1988 diversions and runoff regulations are not reflected in the HCDN. Using a more recent dataset, Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow, version II (GAGES II), compiled by Falcone (2012), which includes more watersheds with reference conditions, a comprehensive analysis of changes in seasonal, and annual streamflow in Wisconsin watersheds is demonstrated. Given the pronounced influence of seasonal hydrology in Wisconsin watersheds, the objective of this study is to elucidate the nature of temporal (annual, seasonal, and monthly) changes in runoff. Considerable temporal and regional variability was found in annual and seasonal streamflow changes between the two historic periods 1951‐1980 and 1981‐2010 considered in the study. For example, the northern watersheds show relatively small changes in streamflow discharge ranging from ?6.0 to 4.2%, while the southern watersheds show relatively large increases in streamflow discharge ranging from 13.1 to 18.2%. To apportion streamflow changes to climate and nonclimatic factors, a method based on potential evapotranspiration changes is demonstrated. Results show that nonclimatic factors account for more than 60% of changes in annual runoff in Wisconsin watersheds considered in the study. 相似文献
973.
Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential (ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between − 20.7 and − 6.7 mV with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of > 350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than − 20.7 mV, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed (< 60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than − 6.7 mV or even positively charged, a small floc size (< 120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control. 相似文献
974.
基于PPI的土地利用优化研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
土地利用类型和管理方式是非点源污染的主要影响因素,受人类活动影响较大.基于对非点源污染防治措施的汇总分析,在三道防线的理念指导下,对密云水库流域3个典型小流域的土地利用现状进行了合理性分析,并设计了9个土地利用优化情景.以曹家路流域为例,利用PPI模型和R-PPI指数对比分析不同土地利用优化情景对环境的影响,得到最佳的土地利用组合.运用PPI模型和R-PPI指数进行土地利用优化情景的设计和比较,可以得到土地利用和管理方式的最优组合,从而优化流域内土地利用的空间分布和管理方式,削减水土流失,为土地利用规划和污染防治方案的制定和选择提供支撑. 相似文献
975.
976.
基于平衡分配法的太湖沉积物重金属质量基准及其在生态风险评价中的应用研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
水体沉积物评价和管理中最紧迫的问题是建立水体沉积物质量基准以保护水生生物.以太湖为研究对象,利用平衡分配法初步探讨了太湖不同湖区中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr4种重金属的质量基准,分析了各校正项对不同重金属基准的贡献,利用基于沉积物质量基准的SQG-Q法对太湖各湖区沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评估.结果表明:SQGPb、SQGCu、SQGZn和SQGCr分别为21.2~307.4mg·kg-1、52.3~281.0mg·kg-1、399.7~1659.1mg·kg-1和21.2~68.7mg·kg-1,不同湖区沉积物重金属质量基准存在差异;SQGPb基本由AVS校正决定,Kp·WQC值和粒径校正两者主要决定了SQGCu和SQGZn,SQGCr则由Kp·WQC值、粒径校正、残渣态校正共同决定;四种重金属含量与沉积物质量基准初步值相比,超基准程度次序为Cr〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu;太湖各湖区沉积物中的重金属存在中等潜在生态风险,且大小顺序为竺山湾〉梅梁湾〉贡湖湾〉东太湖〉西部沿岸区和东部沿岸区〉湖心区〉南部沿岸区. 相似文献
977.
基于遥感的千烟洲人工林蒸散及其组分模拟研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
论文通过改进遥感蒸散模型的关键参数,结合遥感数据和气象观测数据,对2003—2008年江西千烟洲人工林生态系统蒸散及其组分进行模拟,并利用涡度相关技术获取的蒸散实测数据对模型模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明:①年均蒸散总量模拟值比实测值偏低2.4%,决定系数与均方根误差分别为0.83和0.61 mm·d-1。②土壤蒸发、林冠截留蒸发和植被蒸腾分别占总蒸散量的12%、23%和65%。其中,土壤蒸发季节及年际变化相对稳定;林冠截留蒸发季节变化明显且在不同年份差异较大;植被蒸腾季节变化明显,但年际变异较小。③1—3月植被光合作用较弱,植被蒸腾与蒸散比小于30%。随着植被蒸腾的增强,从4月开始植被蒸腾与蒸散比迅速增加,在生长旺季(7月底)可达到约90%。由于该模型所需数据在区域尺度较易获取,从而为开展区域尺度中亚热带人工林生态系统蒸散及其组分模拟提供方法支撑。 相似文献
978.
民用生物质燃烧挥发性有机化合物排放特征 总被引:20,自引:12,他引:8
民用生物质燃烧是我国人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放的主要来源.采用罐采样-GC/MS和DNPH衍生-HPLC这2种方法联用采集和分析了5种主要民用生物质燃烧排放烟气中的VOCs组分,并利用碳平衡法确定其排放系数.研究表明,秸秆和木柴等民用生物质燃烧总的VOCs排放系数分别为(4.37±2.23)g·kg-1和(2.12±0.77)g·kg-1,秸秆燃烧排放高于木柴燃烧排放;民用生物质燃烧排放VOCs中,最为丰富的物种为芳香烃和醛类,含量均在25%以上;秸秆和木柴燃烧除卤代烃和腈类含量差异较大外,其余物种分布比较类似;秸秆和木柴燃烧VOCs排放总的臭氧生成潜势分别为(16.9±8.2)g·kg-1和(10.8±4.9)g·kg-1;臭氧生成潜势比较高的物种依次为:醛类、芳香烃和烯烃/炔烃,其中醛类贡献基本在50%以上. 相似文献
979.
测试和研究了舟山本岛8条河流沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr的含量与分布特征,利用地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属进行了生态风险评价,结果表明:(1)基于地累积指数法的评价表明Hg、Cr、As为清洁,Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn为轻度污染;(2)基于单项潜在生态风险系数的评价表明研究区内沉积物中Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Cr处于轻微等级,Cd和Hg则有不同程度的污染;该区域重金属生态风险等级顺序为Cd>Hg>Cu>Pb>As>Cr>Zn;(3)根据综合潜在生态风险指数,城关河和展茅河处于中等风险等级。 相似文献
980.
ZHANG Jian HUANG Xi SHAO Chang-fei LIU Chao-xiang SHI Han-chang HU Hong-ying Liu Zhi-qiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2004,16(1):153-156
Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system was studied. System A was filled with loamy soil and system B was filled with mixed soil of 75% red clay with 25% cinder. Both systems were fed with sewage at the same hydraulic loading of 2 cm/d at continuous operation mode. The same excellent removal performances of COD and T-P could be achieved in both infiltration systems with removal rates about 85% and 98%, respectively. In system A, NH4^ -N removal rate was as high as 96.5% and T-N removal rate was relatively much lower as 55.7%. And in system B, NH4^ -N removal rate was as low as 75.4% and T-N removal rate was relatively much higher as 75.5 %. The difference was attributed to different soil oxidation-reduction condition that was greatly influenced by soil texture in subsurface infiltration system. Loamy soil led to oxidative condition that was favorable to nitrification and disadvantageous to denitrification. The results were just adverse to the system filled with clay. Intermittent operation was adopted to improve nitrogen removal in system B. NH4^ -N removal rate could be increased to about 95% and T-N removal rate could be increased to about 90% at intermittent operation mode in system B. Analysis of nitrogen removal mechanisms indicated that nitrification-denitrification was the primary nitrogen removal path in subsurface infiltration system and crop uptake was another important nitrogen removal way, It was the key to improve the total N removal performance that a suitable packing soil was available to present favorable oxidation-reduction condition for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. 相似文献